TOWARD THE CONSTRUCTION OF A TEMPORAL SYSTEM FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE IN THE LIGHT OF THE DATA OF THE ARABIC AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES (SUBJECT CONSTRUCTION, PREDICATION THEORY, MORPHO-SYNTAX, PROGRESSIVE ASPECT, COMPLEMENT TYPES)

I adjust the view to tempo-aspectual phenomena for natural language from prescribed tenses and verb classes to a dynamic principle-based system couched in predication theory, which is related to Harris (1982) and generalized functional and categorial grammars. Chapter one redraws the content of two major approaches to tense: Priorian operator approach and Reichenbach\u27s quantification approach. The latter is slightly favored considering quantification structures, adverbials, and even-suffixed adverbials. But it does not handle tense-choice, and Operator Approach with augmentations by NOW, THEN and Vlach\u27s K operator, accounts for as much. Generalized tenses are connected with linguistically preestablished temporal zone. In chapter two I provide an account of the morpho-syntax of verb system of Arabic. There have been identified component morphemes including directly aspectual morphemes, yielding, sustaining, attemptive, etc., and their modes of combination. Then present tense forms are given an account. A basis for case has been proposed. In chapter three I discuss extensively systems of classifying verbs by syntactic (and semantic), criteria into iron-clad classes: systems by Kenny, Vendler, Chen, Smith, Taylor and Mourelatos. These fail on the strict view of jointly exhaustive and mutually exclusive classes of a system. The progressive defies attempts at completely banning it from embodying \u27stative\u27 verbs. In chapter four I provide an account of progressive aspect in English which is marked by participle -ing. I propose this -ing signals the lexical and tempo-aspectual government of the participle by counterpart assignments of syntactically main aspectual verb to be, start, etc. This subjects participial predication to linguistically based semantic restrictions and connects participles with to-infinite and other complements. This treatment avoids earlier deadlocks and captures solid contributions. Stative participles constitute support. Chapter five discusses several proposed meanings of progressive: interpretive, phenomenal, metaphoric, deontic and via possible worlds. They are shown to be based on the tempo-aspectual meaning. Chapter six concentrates on adverbials interacting with progressive. The adverb is a predicate whose subject is constructed from preceding text according to certain conditions. Chapter seven relates participles and adverbs to: conditionals, objects, and peculiarities of their lexical subclasses. Subject construction handles these lexically-based syntactic phenomena