Metals and metalloids in terrestrial systems: bioaccumulation, biomagnification and subsequent adverse effects

Metals and metalloids are elemental substances that occur naturally in the Earths crust, and are variously incorporated into biological systems as structural components or proteins. Imbalances in the environmental concentrations of several metals present a challenge to ecosystems because the species that form part of these ecosystems are often not equipped to regulate internal concentrations of these elements, or employ detoxification mechanisms that serve to biomagnify these elements in the food chain. This review examines the trophic movement of metals and metalloids within terrestrial ecosystems and the consequences of biomagnification and toxicity on populations. Several elemental contaminants are given special emphasis, including copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, cadmium, mercury and lead. All these elements are of high historical importance and continue to be deposited within the biosphere