13C NMR study of how the oxyanion pKa values of subtilisin and chymotrypsin tetrahedral adducts are affected by different amino acid residues binding in enzyme subsites S1-S4

A range of substrate-derived chloromethane inhibitors have been synthesized which have one to four amino acid residues. These have been used to inhibit both subtilisin and chymotrypsin. Using 13C NMR, we have shown that all except one of these inhibitors forms a tetrahedral adduct with chymotrypsin, subtilisin, and trypsin. From the pH-dependent changes in the chemical shift of the hemiketal carbon of the tetrahedral adduct, we are able to determine the oxyanion pKa in the different inhibitor derivatives. Our results suggest that in both the subtilisin and chymotrypsin chloromethane derivatives the oxyanion pKa is largely determined by the type of amino acid residue occupying the S1, subsite while binding in the S2-S4 subsites only has minor effects on oxyanion pKa values. Using free energy relationships, we determine that the different R groups of the amino acid residues binding in the S1 subsite only have minor effects on the oxyanion pKa values. We propose that the lower polarity of the chymotrypsin active site relative to that of the subtilisin active site explains why the oxyanion pKa is higher and more sensitive to the type of chloromethane inhibitor used in the chymotrypsin derivatives than in the subtilisin derivatives