NECESSARILY INHERITANCE IN SLOVENIAN AND CANADIAN LEGAL SYSTEM - LEGAL HISTORICAL BASELINE

Nujno dedovanje je zakonito dedovanje posebne vrste. Velikost nujnega deleža se namreč določa v razmerju do zakonitega dednega deleža, osebe pa imajo pravico do nujnega deleža le, če bi bile po zakonitem dednem redu poklicane k dedovanju. Nujni delež je institut dednega prava, ki omejuje zapustnikovo svobodo oporočnega razpolaganja in razpolaganja inter vivos (neodplačne naklonitve oziroma darila). Zapustnik mora del svojega premoženja (t. i. rezerviran del) nameniti svojim najbližjim sorodnikom. Zato se v primeru prikrajšanja nujnega deleža, do katerega pride, ko zapustnik z oporočnimi razpolaganji ali z darili načne ali celo izčrpa nujni delež posameznega nujnega dediča, zmanjšajo oporočna razpolaganja, če pa to ne zadošča, se vrnejo tudi darila. Institut nujnega deleža se je razvil v rimskem pravu kot vmesna rešitev med dvema miselnostma, in sicer med popolno svobodo oporočnega razpolaganja in ohranitvijo premoženja v okviru agnatsko zasnovane družinske skupnosti. V času kolektivnega gospodarjenja, je bilo nepojmljivo, da bi gospodar premoženje zapustil tuji osebi. Zapustnik torej lahko svobodno razpolaga s svojim premoženjem, vendar del tega premoženja mora zapustiti svojim najbližjim sorodnikom (to so običajno otroci in zapustnikov zakonec oziroma partner). Institut nujnega deleža je sprejela večina sedanjih pravnih redov, medtem ko angleški pravni red in s tem posledično tudi Kanada instituta nujnega deleža ne pozna, saj velja načelo popolne svobode testiranja. Vendar to ne pomeni, da Kanada nima pravil, s katerimi se zagotavlja življenjska eksistenca oseb, ki so bile premoženjsko odvisne od zapustnika. Te osebe (ni nujno, da so to zapustnikovi sorodniki ali zakonec) lahko zahtevajo od sodišča, da se jim iz zapuščine dodelijo primerna sredstva za preživljanje.Necessarily inheritance is a special sort of inheritance. The size of compulsory portion is defined in proportion with portion and individuals have right to compulsory portion only if they will become heir by law. The compulsory portion is an institute, which restricts deceased`s freedom of testamentary disposition and freedom of disposition inter vivos (i.e. with unpaid dispositions, this means presents in his lifetime). In case that the deceased with testamentary dispositions or with presents exceed the value of available part of the legacy, if he raise or even tire out the compulsory portion of individual obligatory heir, it gets to so-called detraction of the compulsory portion. In this case the testamentary dispositions reduces and if this is not enough even the presents have to be returned. The institute of compulsory portion has been established in Roman law as a interim solution between the two mindsets: the system of complete freedom of testamentary disposition on one hand and the system where family has the legal right to inherit the deceased`s legacy. Testator can freely dispose with his property, but he must left the portion of his property to his closest family members (i.e. children and spouse). An institute of compulsory portion has been accepted in most current modern legal systems, while in common law system and consequently in Canada this institute is rather unfamiliar. In Canada there is a system of complete freedom of testamentary disposition. However that does not mean that Canada does not have rules which ensures existence of individuals who were dependent on deceased. These individuals (not necessarily deceased`s relatives and spouse) can claim means of existence which are allocated from deceased`s property