THE CRIMINOLOGY VIEW OF VIOLENCE ON SPORTS ACTS

V svoji diplomski nalogi sem iz kriminološkega vidika natančno obdelala vzroke in razloge zaradi katerih prihaja do nasilja na športnih prireditvah. Razumevanje vzrokov je namreč ključnega pomena za razumevanje same agresivnosti in nasilja. Poznamo več klasifikacij nasilja in prav tako več vrst. Najbolj poznana kategorizacija agresivnosti je delitev, po Frommu, in sicer, na benigno in maligno agresivnost. Benigna agresivnost je tista agresivnost, ki je lastna vsem živim bitjem in nam je »vgrajena« v možgane. Uporabimo jo takrat, ko se počutimo življenjsko ogrožene, ko se borimo za življenje. Usmerjena je zgolj v odstranitev grožnje, njen cilj pa je ohranitev življenja. Maligna agresivnost pa je nasprotno tista vrsta agresije, ki nudi ljudem užitek, strast. Človek je edino živo bitje, ki je sposoben ubijanja, agresivnosti in mučenja, brez razloga, zgolj iz strasti. Pri tem celo zelo uživa. Prav zaradi tega je ključnega pomena razumevanje vzrokov agresivnosti, zlasti maligne. Obstaja več vrst maligne agresije. Lahko se namreč pojavlja v spontani obliki, ki jo imenujemo tudi maščevalna destruktivnost. Lahko pa je po drugi strani vezana na samo značajsko strukturo posameznika. Po mojem mnenju je ključnega pomena za razumevanje same agresivnosti v množici in za samo delovanje množice, psihologija množice, mase ljudi. Slednja nam da odgovor na to, kako funkcionira neka masa ljudi, kakšna je njena dinamika, kakšna pravila veljajo v njej in podobno. Množica je živ institut, v kateri se njeni člani popolnoma identificirajo z njo. Svoj jaz, svoj razum, svoja stališča, svoj pogled na svet, skratka svojo identiteto v celoti nadomestijo z identiteto množice. Popolnoma se poistovetijo z množico. Pripadniki takih množic so običajno posamezniki, ki v življenju niso ničesar dosegli, so nepomembni, nimajo nobene moči, v življenju se jim nič ne dogaja. Raziskave so pokazale, da so največkrat ti ljudje tudi manj inteligentni in iz srednjega oziroma revnejšega sloja ljudi. V masi ljudi pa naenkrat postanejo zelo pomembni, dobijo moč, vsi ljudje se jih bojijo, počutijo se pomembne. Končno občutijo neko lastno vrednost. Dejavniki psihologije množice se delijo na zunanje, ki so lahko fizični ali socialni dejavniki ter na notranje dejavnike, ki sta individualna in kolektivna osebnost. Skozi svoje delo sem opredelila tudi vrste množic in njihove karakteristike ter dinamiko delovanja konkretne množice. Največ pozornosti sem namenila množicam na športnih prireditvah - torej navijačem. V zadnjem delu svojega diplomskega dela sem opisala tudi situacijo v Sloveniji ter normativno ureditev slednjega področja, torej nasilja na športnih prireditvah. Slednjega je v Sloveniji veliko, zlasti na nogometnih tekmah. Navijači namreč tam izražajo svojo zafrustriranost, svojo nepomembnost, nemoč, ki pa se na nogometnih tekmah pretvori v moč, pomembnost. Zakonodaja na tem področju je zelo pomanjkljiva, prežeta s pravnimi prazninami. Ljudje z izrečenimi kaznimi za izgrednike, niso zadovoljni. Seveda se pojavlja vprašanje, kakšne bi naj bile kazni, da bi ustrezale vsem in bi bili vsi ljudje z njimi zadovoljni. Skratka tudi pri nas je nasilje na športnih prireditvah zelo prisotno in množičen pojav, zlasti na nogometnih derbijih.In my thesis, I thoroughly examined, from criminological perspective, causes and reasons for violence at sports events. Understanding the causes is crucial for understanding aggression and violence. There are several classifications of violence and there are many types of violence too. The most well known is the categorisation of aggression according to Fromm, who distinguished between benign and malignant aggression. Benign aggression is characteristic of all living beingsit is ‘built into’ our brains. We use it when we feel that our lives are threatened, when we fight for our lives. It is oriented solely towards the elimination of the threat, its aim is to protect life. On the hand, malignant aggression offers people pleasure, passion. Human beings are the only living beings who can kill, torture and be aggressive without a reason, purely from passion. They even take pleasure in it. That is precisely why understanding the causes of aggression, especially of malignant aggression, are crucial. There are several types of malignant aggression. It can appear in a spontaneous form, which we call vengeful destructiveness. But it can also be linked to the character of the individual. In my opinion, crowd psychology is of key importance for understanding aggression of the masses, for understanding the behaviour of the masses. It provides an answer as to how a mass of people functions, what are its dynamics, its rules etc. Crowd is a living institute, in which its members identify completely with it. Their ego, their mind, attitudes and viewpoints, their entire identity is totally replaced with the identity of the crowd. They identify completely with the crowd. The members of such crowds are usually individuals, who haven\u27t achieved anything in their lives, they are unimportant, without power, nothing is happening in their lives. Research has shown that in most cases, these people are less intelligent and come from middle or lower class. In a crowd, they suddenly become very important, they gain power, people fear them and they feel important. They finally sense their own value. Crowd psychology distinguishes between external factors, which can be physical and social, and internal factors – individual and collective personality. In my work, I defined the types of masses and their characteristics. I also described the dynamics of one particular crowd. I focused on crowds at sport events – on fans. In the last part of my thesis, I described the situation in Slovenia, including the regulatory framework of the above-mentioned field – violence at sport events. This type of violence is frequent in Slovenia, especially at football matches. There, fans express their frustration, their lack of importance, lack of power, which, during matches, turns into power, into importance. Regulations in this field are insufficient, suffused with legal vacuum. People sentenced for rioting are not satisfied. Of course, question arises as to what the sentences should be like, so that they would suit everyone and would satisfy everybody. In short, sports violence is common in Slovenia, it is a mass phenomenon, especially at football derbies