Ten Years of Theta Burst Stimulation in Humans: EstablishedKnowledge, Unknowns and Prospects.

Background/objectives:Over the last ten years, an increasing number of authors have used the theta burststimulation (TBS) protocol to investigate long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD)-like plasticity non-invasively in the primary motor cortex (M1) in healthy humans and in patients withvarious types of movement disorders. We here provide a comprehensive review of the LTP/LTD-like plas-ticity induced by TBS in the human M1.Methods:A workgroup of researchers expert in this research field review and discuss critically ten yearsof experimental evidence from TBS studies in humans and in animal models. The review also includesthe discussion of studies assessing responses to TBS in patients with movement disorders.Main findings/discussion:We discuss experimental studies applying TBS over the M1 or in other corti-cal regions functionally connected to M1 in healthy subjects and in patients with various types of movementdisorders. We also review experimental evidence coming from TBS studies in animals. Finally, we clarifythe status of TBS as a possible new non-invasive therapy aimed at improving symptoms in various neu-rological disorders