Response of understory vegetation over 10\ua0years after thinning in an old-growth cedar and cypress plantation overgrazed by sika deer in eastern Japan

Abstract Background Forest management strategies such as thinning have long been used to enhance ecosystem functions, especially in plantations. Thinning in plantations with high deer density, however, may not yield a desired increase in understory vegetation because deer graze on germinating plants after thinning. Here, we examine the changes in understory vegetation after thinning in plantations that have been overgrazed by sika deer to provide insight into the effects of thinning on ecosystem functions such as soil conservation and biological diversity. Methods We conducted our survey in the Tanzawa Mountains of eastern Japan. We surveyed the change in understory vegetation within and outside of three deer exclosures on a single slope with three levels of understory vegetation cover: sparse (1%, exclosure \u201cUS\u201d), moderate (30%, exclosure \u201cMM\u201d), and dense (80%, exclosure \u201cLD\u201d) over 10\ua0years after a 30% thinning of an old-growth cedar and cypress plantation which was overgrazed by sika deer. Results Understory vegetation cover, biomass and species richness increased within and outside the \u201cUS\u201d and \u201cMM\u201d exclosures after thinning, and biomass was greater within than outside the exclosures at 10\ua0years after thinning. Unpalatable species dominated both \u201cUS\u201d and \u201cMM\u201d exclosures before thinning, and trees and shrubs dominated within the exclosures over time after thinning. In contrast, unpalatable, grazing-tolerant, perennial, and annual species increased outside the \u201cUS\u201d and \u201cMM\u201d exclosures. No noticeable changes were observed within and outside the \u201cLD\u201d exclosure when compared with the \u201cUS\u201d and \u201cMM\u201d exclosures. Conclusions Our results suggest that thinning a stand by 30% based on volume resulted in an increase in understory vegetation cover mainly composed of both unpalatable and grazing-tolerant species in a plantation forest where understory vegetation is sparse or moderate and sika deer density is high. We emphasize that establishing deer exclosures or controlling deer is essential to maintaining similar understory vegetation both within and outside exclosures