Organised cybercrime or cybercrime that is organised? An assessment of the conceptualisation of financial cybercrime as organised crime

Criminological research over the last couple of decades has improved our understanding of cybercrimes. However, this body of research is regarded as still theoretically thin and not fully developed; more knowledge on the actors involved, their characteristics, and modus operandi is needed. Some publications have recently suggested that organised crime is or might be involved in cybercrimes, which would have important policing implications, but evidence-based research on this point is still scarce and inconclusive. This article seeks to further this path of inquiry by providing a systematic analysis of 40 cases from the Netherlands, Germany, UK, and US where criminal networks were involved in financial cybercrimes affecting the banking sector, assessing whether and to what extent these criminal networks meet the definitions of organised crime, and discussing the theoretical and policing implications of our findings