Tinjauan Penelitian Pengendalian Vektor Malaria secara Hayati dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan

With increasing reports on negative side effects of chemical insecticides, there is a greater need to further develop a malaria vector control technic that is environmentally friendly. Several different biological agents and also environmental management could potentially be developed for vector control although their operational use are still limited. Some of these agents already in use at the Health Ecology Research Centre of NIHRD are : Poecilia reticulata fish, Baccillus thuringiensis H-14 and Bacillus sphaericus bacteria, while Romanomermis iyengari nematode/round worm is still under investigation. P. reticulata and Cyprinus carpio fisher cultivation in rice fields is able to reduce malaria vector Anopheles aconitus population up to 99.7 % and decreases malaria SPR 98.8 %. Six days after B. thuringiensis H-14 spray in Singaraja, Bali, no Anopheles sundaicus larvae larvae were found. Effectivity trial in the laboratory using B. thuringiensis H-14 2,5 lb/acre (0,28 gr/m2) against Anopheles barbirostris resulted in 80 - 100 % deaths. The Vector Research Centre is able to isolate 92 - 100 % B. thuringiensis from An. aconitus in a 24 hours pathogenicity trial. B. sphaericus is able to reduce An. sundaicus larvae density up to 90.81 % when used in water (Cilacap, C. Java) and in a laboratory trial for LC50 it needed a concentration of 0.59 mg/l while for LC90 it required 2.14 mg/l. R. iyengari, a nematode parasite of mosquito larvae has great potential for malaria vector control, whithparasitemicidal effect 36 -100 % against An. aconitus and An. farauti when tried in the laboratory. Beside using biological agents there are other methods of environmental management. In this case periodical drying of rice fields. Four months rice fields drying in Tingkir village, Semarang regency, is able to reduce mosquito population density from 0.61 mosquitoes/m2 to 0.00 mosquito/m