Since two decades, hydropower projects are multiplying in Laos. These projects are often criticized in the media and civil society organizations for their negative social and environmental impacts, which can also generate regional geopolitical tensions in Southeast Asia. In this sensitive context, our interest has focused on rural populations downstream of hydropower dams; these populations are often ignored by compensation programs reserved for displaced populations from upstream. The objective of the research is to identify and assess the socio-economic effects in the Nam Nyam Valley (Vientiane Province, Lao PDR), downstream of the Nam Mang 3 hydropower dam. A current diagnostic-analysis of the agrarian system of the valley, together with...