CAN MINORITY LANGUAGES SURVIVE IN A SITUATION OF SUSTAINED BILINGUALISM? ETHNOLINGUISTIC VITALITY AND LANGUAGE BEHAVIOR AMONG INDIGENOUS SPEAKERS OF QUICHUA IN ECUADOR

In this study, I examine the sociological, socio-psychological, and psychological domains of two Quichua-speaking communities—one urban and one rural—in Imbabura, Ecuador. The goal of the study is to determine the ethnolinguistic vitality (EV) of these two groups, and, ultimately, to predict whether a situation of language maintenance or language shift will prevail. Previous studies of EV have considered one of these three domains, but very few have considered all three. Furthermore, none has sought to measure ethnolinguistic vitality in the Quichua context. This study examines the role of various factors, particularly the individual network of linguistic contacts, in the survival of a particular language and ethnic group.Giles, Bourhis, and Taylor introduced the notion of ethnolinguistic vitality—defined as "that which makes a group likely to behave as a distinctive and active collective entity in intergroup situations" (1977, p. 308)—in the late 1970s as a theoretical framework for analyzing intergroup relations within a contact situation. Those with little vitality eventually cease to exist as distinctive linguistic groups within the intergroup setting.Allard and Landry (1987) developed a macroscopic model, including Giles et al.'s notions of objective (sociological level) and subjective (psychological level) EV, and adding to them the notion of individual networks of linguistic contacts (socio-psychological level) to mediate between the other two levels. This macroscopic model is the one I have followed in this study. To examine the sociological level, I used census and descriptive data. To investigate both the socio-psychological and the psychological levels, I used quantitative and qualitative approaches. I employed questionnaires, orally administered to a sample of 100 Indigenous persons between the ages of 18 and 25, and six elite interviews with Indigenous leaders.The findings of this study reveal the importance of the individual network of linguistic contacts for maintenance of a stable bilingual situation. At the same time they reveal the pervasive influence of the dominant language and culture, which threatens to undermine efforts to maintain and revitalize the ethnic language. Only with considerable planning and effort will these two communities be able to maintain Quichua in a stable bilingual situation