La surexploitation des eaux souterraines : enjeux et gouvernance

International audienceGroundwater resources have long been considered as inexhaustible ones. Far from constituting a generalized phenomenon, overexploitation of groundwater resources is observable in the semi-arid and arid climates areas, but also in the areas with temperate climates. In fact, since the end of the Second World War, the development of irrigation and the green revolutions have largely contributed to the crises of provisioning. In order to prevent overexploitation and conflicts between water users, two main solutions have been traditionally proposed: market or state regulation. Our analysis tries to go beyond this dichotomy between public intervention (regulation and taxes) and market-oriented approaches (implementation of groundwater markets). A more pragmatic look at reality shows that water markets are not as efficient as many authors claim, because market failures and transaction costs are inherent to the market allocation of groundwater resources.Moreover, state management of groundwater resources doesn't seem to be efficient, because of a lack of enforcement and of a clear definition of property rights. But empirical studies have shown that a shift has occurred in the allocation and management of groundwater resources. This shift shows the importance to take into account water resource users in the dynamics of collective action. Our analysis of the governance of groundwater resources identifies the existence of a compromise between the coordination of the individual actions (market-oriented approach) and the forms of collective action (collective action for public interest and collective action for community interest).Cet article aborde les enjeux posés par la surexploitation des eaux souterraines à travers le monde dans un contexte de raréfaction des ressources en eau douce. Loin de constituer un phénomène généralisé, la surexploitation touche les eaux souterraines dans les régions aux climats semi-arides et arides, mais également dans les régions aux climats tempérés. De fait, depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le développement de l'irrigation et les révolutions vertes ont grandement contribué aux crises d'approvisionnement. La lutte contre la surexploitation des eaux souterraines est assimilable à une gouvernance durable de ces ressources. En tentant de dépasser la dichotomie entre intervention publique (réglementation et taxes) et marchandisation (mise en place de marchés d'eau souterraine), notre analyse de la gouvernance des eaux souterraines montre que celle-ci repose aujourd'hui davantage sur un compromis entre la coordination des actions individuelles (approche marchande) et les formes de l'action collective (action collective d'intérêt public et action collective d'intérêt communautaire)