After criticizing the usual tools and units for presenting the public debt, we analyse the French public debt through using a great number of public long-term statistical data, up to 2013. The huge increase of public debt ratio since 1978 is mainly due to the State and marginally to the social welfare system. Analysing revenues and expenditures of public administrations shows that the debt is not the consequence of too high and inappropriate expenditures, but mainly the consequence of falling fiscal revenues – by five percentage points of GDP in 35 years. Then we model the impact of four of the mechanisms of the public deficit: tax breaks, tax evasion of individuals allowed by banking secrecy, effect of the economic crisis, snowball effect ...