International audienceAlthough there were already, at the end of the Middle Ages, an important diversity between private handwriting and ceremonial manuscript, the discrepancy in their significations enlarges with the circulation of the printed book, that provides gradually models for the representation of speech, unknown of the handwritten tradition. The multiplication of books moulds the spoken language one can observe not only in the enforcement of spelling rules, but also in the constraint, more or less consciously, of a « rhetoric of print » which confers to the page the task of structuring the content cognitively, and gives a model for delivery. Grammarians, poeticians, and rhetoricians claimed the supremacy of speech for the sake of ...