International audienceArgentina’s mining industry has grown rapidly in recent years, making the sector an essential part of the country’s economy and placing the Andes at the heart of numerous economic, political and social issues. The present article examines the spatial distribution of mining activities and the role attributed to the mountains of northwest Argentina. Exploiting these territories as reservoirs of raw materials was uncontroversial at the beginning of the century; however, this approach is now being contested because it leads to little territorial development. Latin America’s renewed focus on primary industries, involving the extraction and export of unprocessed natural resources, could be viewed as a step back to colonial-s...