[[alternative]]A Study of Disputes in WTO（1995-2000）

[[abstract]]全球化的發展，帶動全球性分工、生產體系的建立，促使世界貿易流向與各國產業結構發生重大變化，跨國界的大分工合作模式已儼然成形。在各國依本身所賦有的自然資源與環境優勢等差異條件，競相發揮最高效能的情形下，國際貿易的作用將能充分發酵，發揮重要分配的功能，進而有效提昇世界總體的產量。1944年布雷頓森林會議的召開、1948年關稅暨貿易總協定的簽署、到1995年世界貿易組織（WTO）的正式成立，所努力的便是這個目標。 儘管WTO的建立，代表世界多邊貿易管理機制已日漸發展成熟，落後國家並得藉此一機制與先進國家進行對談，但普遍化程度的不足，造成獲益分配不均；加上跨國企業多來自於先進工業化國家，而WTO主要又是由先進國家所主導發展，自然會遭受來自落後國家的不少非議。其他如全球化發展下所帶來的環境問題、國家主權問題、以及國內產業發展的問題等，已致使世界的多邊貿易管理機制陷入發展兩難。國際關係間的經濟民族保護心態，似乎又逐漸重回國際經濟發展的舞臺，扮演影響全球化發展的重要角色。 1999年西雅圖部長會議的失敗，已使全球貿易自由化的發展蒙上一層陰影，但如此也提供了我們一個重新思考的機會，亦即自由貿易的發展真能帶來利益嗎？若是，為何會有這麼多的反對團體與國家進行抗議的行動呢？尤其針對落後國家而言，若自由貿易能如先進國家所表示，貿易自由化能加速經濟的發展，改善人民的生活，那為何又會有這麼多來自開發中國家的抗議團體呢？難道他們不希望生活改善？或者他們不喜歡享受經濟利益的果實？他們抗議的是利益的分配不均？還是根本沒得到好處？抑或他們針對的是在背後操控WTO發展，以美國為首的先進工業化國家？或美國等領導國家的策略是不是出了問題呢？西雅圖會議合作希望的破滅，是否意味著可能的衝突與損失？難道這些開中國家沒有考慮過這些問題嗎？ 本論文主要將問題區分為「區域經濟體間所存在的問題」與「新的南北國家對立問題」兩方面，來探討1995年以後，WTO所面臨的爭議問題。最後在研究結論與展望部份，則針對這些問題予以綜合分析、提出個人看法。另外並對WTO最重要的領導國家─美國的新經濟發展趨緩，所可能對未來WTO的發展衝擊進行研析，探討當美國以經濟力量維繫其在世界無可取代之霸權地位的能力削減後，是否意味著國際霸權穩定的局勢可能發生改變，進而使國際情勢未來的發展，面臨一個不確定的危機等問題，提出個人的看法與觀點。[[abstract]]The development of globalization and international trade has changed the production system in the world. Every country should be benefited from the trade liberalizing. The 1944 Bretton Woods meeting, the 1948 signing of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade （GATT）, and the GATT’s 1995 transformation into the World Trade Organization（WTO）, all were making effort towards global trade liberalizing in the world. The establishment of the WTO indicates a maturing global multi-trade management system and grants less developed countries an access to dialogues with advanced countries. But the fact that the world trade system still falls short of the sort of universality has led to an uneven distribution of interests. This is one major problem that the WTO needs to solve ahead. The disappointing outcome of the WTO Seattle Ministerial Meeting at the end of 1999─which motivates the writing of this thesis-- has shadowed the development of global trade liberalizing. But it also gives us a chance to rethink the meaning and essence of the trade liberalizing. If it truly brings benefit, then what all those protests by opposition groups and representatives of various countries mean? If it really improves life situations, then why so many opposition activists from developing countries boycotting the meeting? Would the WTO keep growing or just dying with the lapse of time? Would the conflicts be solved for leading countries like the United States? They are all what we have to face and solve in order for the globalization and trade liberalizing to keep on a right track. Although a large number of studies have been made on the WTO issue, few focus on the analysis of the disputes concerning the WTO’s development in the frame of the international political economy. Periodicals so far also give little attention to the issue. In this study, I would like to address two major points in discussing the WTO disputes since 1995. One is the problem among regional organizations and the conflicts between regional economics and the WTO. The other is the rising opposition between North and South. In the concluding part of this study, I would like to put forward my views on the WTO disputes, as are indicated in earlier parts, and on how for the WTO to get improved. In addition, I would try to analyze the impact of the U.S.’ new economic situation upon the WTO, especially when it seems to be on a slowdown stage. I would discuss if the U.S. is able to maintain its hegemony in the global economy by the strategy of soft landing