[[alternative]]Industrial Development under State Leadership: the Cases of TSMC and SMIC

[[abstract]] 學界關於國家發展的論述主要有現代化理論、依賴理論、以及針對解釋東亞發展的國家領導發展模式，台灣藉由工研院輔助、租稅優惠、建立科學園區等政策引導，發展出聯電與台積電兩大專業晶圓製造廠，這種模式一直被視為國家領導發展的典範。近二十年來，中國積極發展IC相關產業，中芯國際集成電路製造股份有限公司就是中國重點扶植的廠商，其發展方式也採取類似台灣的國家領導策略，希望透過政策的引導以及國家資源的運用快速發展電子產業。 本研究透過分析中國信息產業年鑑、中國統計年鑑等相關文獻，以台積電為國家發展的參考範例，對中芯國際的發展過程作比較研究，結果發現中國早期發展受限於國際環境的限制，高技術產品無法進入中國，並且在改革開放前的進口替代取向使得中國在發展電子業的初期速度緩慢。改革開放之後，國際環境的不再具有強制性技術輸出限制，但是因為中國運用政策輔導產業發展的效果並不好，不僅研發強度低於先進國家，研發的取向也不利於中國技術上的追趕，而租稅優惠上針對跨國公司的比例又過高，造成優惠的氾濫，無法有效加惠本國企業。 本論文從國內技術能力、國家政策、國際技術貿易條件三方面來檢討中國國家領導發展模式的效果。中芯國際雖然藉著外部限制較為放寬之際使用擴充產能的經營策略，一舉成為全球第四大晶圓製造廠，但是因為政策引導的效果不彰，使得中芯國際雖在營業額上不斷向上攀升，卻受限於技術上無法提升，使得毛利率過低面臨嚴重虧損。而且近年來中國積極參與國際組織，在政策運用上受到的限制越來越多，特別是中國加入WTO之後，不僅租稅優惠必須取消，同時也不能直接使用政府資金資助廠商研發，迫使廠商必須直接面對競爭激烈的自由市場，減慢發展的速度。因此，本研究的發現，國家領導發展模式的成功與否，不僅是受到「國家自主」與「國家職能」的影響，在一定程度上也受到外部環境的影響與限制，中國雖然在政策引導上的效果不佳，但是回顧中國發展IC產業的過程，可以發現如「多邊出口管制協調委員會」的禁運與WTO對於補貼與租稅優惠政策的規範等強制性的外部環境限制，對於整體產業的發展影響也同樣重要。[[abstract]] Traditionally there are three state development theories: modernization theory, dependency perspective, and East Asian state-led development model. Taiwan has long been viewed as a typical paradigm of state-led development as she successfully established United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC) and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited (TSMC) through a series of state policies. For the last two decades, China has been aggressive to develop her electronic industry by similar state-led development model. The most famous example is Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC). By analyzing the related literature and statistics of Yearbook of China Information Industry, China Statistical Yearbook, this thesis explores the development of SMIC through a comparative study in reference to the case of TSMC. The finding is that high-tech imports to China in early time was restricted by international power structure, while in latter period low R&D input and taxation policy cannot effectively promote domestic technological catch-up. In the paper, we examine the overall outcome of state-led development model in China in terms of level of technology, industrial policy and international power structure. Although the SMIC grows up to the fourth big foundry in the world by taking advantage of more relaxing international restriction and expanding productive scale, low-technology level and poor policy effect limite SMIC to make profit. Furthermore, as China joins the WTO, many policy means like tax privilege and research grants have to be cancelled. This will force enterprises to face market competition more directly. Our study shows that achievement of state-led development model is not only affected by state autonomy and state capacities, but also international power structure. In the case of China, we find that external structure like the Coordinating Committee for Multinational Export Control and WTO plays the same important role in shaping China's industrial development