Between Facts and Norms: Agency Statutory Interpretation as an Autonomous Enterprise

John Willis was not just a voice crying in the wilderness. But he was that too. He warned repeatedly about the emptiness of administrative lawyers\u27 taste for \u27separation of powers,\u27 \u27democracy,\u27 and \u27rule-of-law\u27 talk, a discourse he labelled \u27theology.\u271 By that epithet Willis meant to signal that much of the conversation had little to do with the practical affairs of governance. And he lamented on numerous occasions the profound failure of administrative lawyers to pay close attention to what administrative agencies actually do, how they do it, and the internal ethics that both motivate and restrain their behaviour. Willis described himself as \u27a government man\u27 or \u27a legislation man\u27 and \u27a what actually happens man, but he recognized that the profession was much more interested in remedies against government, usually in court, than in how administration could be organized to solve pressing social problems