Nonadiabatic ab initio molecular dynamics of photoisomerization in bridged azobenzene

The photoisomerization mechanisms of bridged azobenzene are investigated by means of surface hopping dynamics simulations based on the Zhu-Nakamura theory. In the geometry optimizations and potential energy surface calculations, four minimum-energy conical intersections between the ground state and the lowest excited state are found to play important roles in the trans-cis and cis-trans isomerization processes. The trans-cis photoisomerization proceeds through two minimum-energy conical intersections. Ultrafast pedal motion of the N atoms and twisting of phenyl rings around their N-C bonds allows the molecule to move to a minimum-energy conical intersection, after which surface hopping from S-1 to S-0 occurs. In the S-0 state, further rotation occurs around the N=N bond and two N-C bonds until the azo moiety and phenyl rings complete their isomerization. Finally, the cis form is achieved by subsequent adjustment of the ethylene bridge. In the cis-trans photodynamics, there is one rotational pathway, in the middle of which two CIs are responsible for the surface hopping to the S-0 state. After the nonadiabatic transition, the molecule reaches the trans form through a barrierless pathway and the two phenyl rings and the additional bridge complete their reorientation almost at the same time. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4767459