اثر نظريات التخطيط في الشكل الحضري للمدن السودانية ( دراسة حالة الخرطوم الكبرى )

This research attempts to look for explanations and guides to planning practice based on analysis of the respective political systems and economies in Sudan and to identify the various factors that influenced the urban form of Sudanese towns in general and Greater Khartoum in particular. The study of planning theory creates a rational system by which, the research can compare and evaluate the merits of different planning ideas and strategies. The researcher can also have more awareness to the reality and the role of the state in facilitating planning to achieve welfare for the Sudanese people. Planning theory can also helps us to identify the urban crises that face towns at one side and planners at the other. It is impossible for us to talk about planning disconnected from actual institutional and political contexts. In developed countries, planners find themselves working within the constraints of Democracy and social justice while in developing Countries they should work within the constraints of totalitarianism and corruption in most of cases. There are many philosophies and traditions in the realm of planning formed the social knowledge and the possibilities of social guidance process. While most of the planners share the same values of democracy, justice and human rights, they are divided in to groups; each has his own path about some central issues like the relation between planning and politics, the nature of public interest and the way of promoting economical development. According to the theoretical background of the planning theory, the research handled the political and economical factors that impact on the urban form of Greater Khartoum by examining the various stages of growth and change. The stage of Turco-Egyptiant role can be defined as the beginning of the modern history of Sudan and the real beginning of urbanization. Later, in the British colonial era there was a rapid growth in Greater Khartoum as a result of the new directions and the new reality compelled by economical impulses. After independence the preliminary experience was weak from the beginning. Factionalism and the failure of government in confronting development crises led to a popular disappointment and fluctuation. That prepared the good atmosphere for military coups. Military regimes also failed to state any successful plans for development. The direct result of these unstable political situations and the failure of most government policies were the main causes of the urban crises and deformation. The most serious problem was the housing crises. The city was, and still suffering from a rapid growth of population as a result of immigration from the lagging regions that suffered from the civil war, marginization and disasters. Another problem faced the city is the urban poverty which causes a series of other problems like crimes, prostitution, squatter housing and homelessness. The deformation of the urban form is embodied in the single identity of the Greater Khartoum or the monoculturalism in term. The tragedy of this concept can be seen clearly in the disconnection between the various ethnic groups of the city. This causes a form of atomistic solitude and village-scale communities inside the city of Khartoum. The other face of the urban form deformation is in the absence of public participation. The research concluded that the general situation of Khartoum urban form is not satisfied. It is an ethical obligation for the state to reconsider the development plan and rebalance the disparities between regions. It is also important to reactivate the public participation and throw lights on the environmental issues. It is very essential to state activated strategies in housing sector and spread the peace culture