Evaluation Of Hygiene And Chemical Composition Of Milk From Sale Points In Khartoum State

This study was carried out in Khartoum State to evaluate the hygiene and quality of milk supplied to consumers which come from various areas in and near by Khartoum State. Milk was collected from sales points in Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman. The collection of samples was during winter and summer season. Total of 143 samples raw milk samples were collected, 33 samples during summer season and 110 samples during winter season. Fifty nine samples were collected from Khartoum, 29 samples from Khartoum North and 55 samples from Omdurman. From each area samples were collected in the early morning. Milk samples were examined to determine the composition (fat, protein, ash, total solids, acidity and freezing point) and total bacterial count as affected by season of the year and area of study. The presence of brucella, clot on boiling and alcohol test were also carried out. The results indicated that there were significant (P< 0.05) differences in fat percent between the different seasons (4.33± 0.545% in winter and 4.11± 0.450% in summer). Similarly there was significant (P< 0.001) increase in protein, ash and acidity between the different seasons, 3.29± 0.319%, 0.62± 0.111% and 0.21± 0.030%, respectively in winter and 2.92± 0.400%,0.53± 0.106% and 0.23± 0.036%, respectively in summer season. Total solids and freezing point were 13.18± 5 0.827% and -0.53± 0.031° C, respectively in winter and 12.70± 0.942% and -0.50± 0.095° C, respectively in summer season. Those values were significantly different (P< 0.01). Similarly highly significant differences (P< 0.001) were obtained for total bacterial count between the two seasons (8.3×107± 1.071 cfu/ml in winter and 2.75× 1016± 1.702 cfu/ml in summer). High percent of protein (3.29± 0.319%), fat (4.33± 0.545%), ash (0.62± 00.111%) and total solids (13.1± 0.827%) were found in winter season.However, the percentage of acidity (0.21± 0.030%) and total bacterial count (2.75× 1016± 1.702 cfu/ml) were high in summer. Milk samples tested for alcohol test in summer season were positives (81.8%), while only 58.8% of the milk samples tested in winter season were positive. During summer season 36.4% of milk samples tested for clot on boiling test were positive, while only 15% of the milk samples were positive in winter season. When comparing the results of the three areas studied, significant differences were obtained for protein (P< 0.001), which was high in milk samples collected from Khartoum North (3.41± 0.252%) followed by samples collected from Omdurman (3.32± 0.346%) and Khartoum (2.99± 0.341%). Significant differences were also obtained for milk acidity and fat 6 (P< 0.01). Low acidity were found in Khartoum North (0.19± 0.163%) followed by Khartoum (0.22± 0.039%) and Omdurman (0.22± 0.034%) milk. High fat were reported in Khartoum (4.40± 0.341%) followed by Omdurman (4.28± 0.494%) and Khartoum North (4.01± 0.390%) milk. However, non-significant differences were found for total solids, ash and freezing point (P> 0.05). The highest (P< 0.01) total bacterial count of the collected milk was found in Khartoum (5.13× 1010± 5.146 cfu/ml) followed by Omdurman (1.05× 1010 ± 2.591 cfu/mml) than Khartoum North (9.3× 107± 0.668 cfu/ml). Milk samples when tested for alcohol test in Omdurman presented 72.7% positive, followed by Khartoum (69%) and Khartoum North (44.8). However, milk samples tested for clot– on– boiling test in Omdurman showed 29.1% positive, followed by Khartoum (24.1%) and Khartoum North (3.4%). In Khartoum area non- significant differences were found (P> 0.05) for total solids and fat percent, while significant differences were observed for acidity (P< 0.05) ash and total bacterial count (P< 0.01). In Khartoum North area there were no significant differences in total solids, protein, fat and ash, while the freezing point and total bacterial count (P< 0.001) and acidity (P< 0.01) were highly differed. In Omdurman there 7 were no significant differences in total solids, protein, fat and freezing point, but there were significant differences in ash (P< 0.05) acidity and total bacterial count (P< 0.001). The comparison between sales points showed that there were no significant differences in total solids, while there were highly significant differences in proteins, acidity and total bacterial count (P< 0.001) ash and fat (P< 0.01) and freezing point (P< 0.05). The results of Brucella in Khartoum State for bulk milk were 77.3% from 110 samples tested. High incidence was found in Khartoum North (82.8%), followed by Khartoum (76.9%) where low incidence was reported in Omdurman (73.8%