The Evaluation and Control of Tourism Ecological Security in Nature Heritage--A Case of Kanas Nature Reserve

随着旅游业的快速发展，世界遗产地以及具有世界遗产价值的自然保护区和生态旅游地已成为全球旅游热点。但旅游开发带来的生态安全问题也引起了广泛关注，旅游活动成为其生态安全的最大威胁。自然遗产地是大自然遗留的具有突出科学、美学价值的精华区域，因其生态系统原始而脆弱，景观多样性强且敏感性高，旅游开发必须在保证生态安全的前提下进行适度利用。本研究以新疆最具申报世界自然遗产潜力的旅游地——喀纳斯自然保护区为案例，研究自然遗产地旅游生态安全评估模式和调控途径，对于丰富和发展生态旅游理论以及指导自然遗产类旅游地可持续发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。主要内容和结论如下： 第一，通过国内世界自然遗产地的对比分析，分析了自然遗产地旅游发展条件具有区位偏远性、旅游资源稀有性、生态系统独特性、景观敏感脆弱性、地域文化边缘性等特征，以及在客源市场、客流季节分布、游客出行及旅游运行等方面的模式特点及其对生态安全的影响，进而总结了自然遗产地旅游发展中存在的主要生态安全问题。通过研究自然遗产地旅游发展条件及发展模式与生态安全问题的内在联系，探讨了旅游生态安全问题产生的动力机制。 第二，运用层次分析法与特尔菲法相结合，从自然生态安全、景观视觉安全及地域文化生态安全三方面构建了自然遗产地旅游生态安全三位一体评估指标体系，并确立了指标安全阈值。自然生态安全指标权重最大，其次是旅游景观视觉安全和文化生态安全。这表明，自然生态安全是决定自然遗产地发展的前提和基础。作为遗产地开展旅游所必需的设施，其景观视觉安全对于自然景观完整性和美学价值具有重要影响作用。因此，在保护自然生态安全的同时，尤其要重视保障景观视觉安全。地域文化既是自然遗产地历史演变和发展的产物，也是自然遗产地重要的旅游资源，具有原生性及不可再生性。因此，文化生态安全也成为自然遗产地旅游生态安全的三大指标之一。指标权重大小反映了其对于自然遗产地旅游生态安全的影响作用的大小，为我们进行自然遗产地的旅游开发提供了一定的指导作用。 第三，基于实地监测和观测以及游客和社区调查问卷等数据，运用旅游生态学、景观生态学、旅游人类学等相关理论和方法，基于自然属性和人为影响两方面，从自然生态、景观生态、文化生态多角度系统分析旅游对喀纳斯自然保护区生态安全的影响，并进行综合评估，探寻出喀纳斯旅游生态安全的限制性因子。研究表明，喀纳斯旅游生态安全总体状况较好，综合评价得分0.6706，属于比较安全状态。在24项评估指标中，喀纳斯有10项达到标准值，包括大气、水质等环境质量指标，其余14项成为旅游生态安全的限制性因子。在自然生态安全方面，降低个别景点的游人密度成为旅游调控的重点；文化生态安全总体状况较差，需要通过积极的保护和开发措施进行调控；景观视觉安全总体状况良好，而且随着景区内接待设施的逐步外迁，景观视觉安全完全可以得到保障。 第四，遵循世界遗产真实性、完整性准则，提出自然遗产地旅游生态安全管理目标为保护自然生态系统的原生性、自然景观的完整性和地域传统文化的原真性。通过分析喀纳斯旅游管理现状及存在的问题，提出自然遗产地适宜建立旅游企业+社区居民+当地政府的经营管理模式，构建了基于旅游生态安全的利益相关者责权利分配和协调机制。基于旅游生态安全评估指标体系，探讨了旅游生态安全的调控途径。With the rapid tourism development, both the World Nature Heritages and nature heritages including some nature reserves and ecotourism destinations are all becoming the hot tourist spots in the world. Meanwhile, the ecological security in nature heritages has been paid great attention and tourism activity has been the greatest threat. The nature heritages are the precious legacy of nature with outstanding scientific and aesthetics value. Due to the original and unique system and sensitive and vulnerable landscape, the tourism development should be on the premise of ecological security. Taken the Kanas Nature Reserve as a case, the evaluating model and control approaches of tourism ecological security are investigated. It’s significant to both enrich and develop the ecotourism theory and guide tourism sustainable development of nature heritages in theory and practice. The main contents and results are as follows: First，compared with the domestic World Nature Heritages, the characteristics of tourism development condition of nature heritages are summarized, including remote tourism location, peculiar and unique tourism resource, sensitive and vulnerable landscape, extensive tourism market and peripheral features in local culture. The tourism pattern characteristics of nature heritages in tourist market, tourists’ seasonal distribution, the ways of tourist traveling and tourism functioning as well as their impacts on ecological security are analyzed. Therefore, the main problems of tourism ecological security in nature heritage are concluded. By analyzing the tourism ecological security problems and its relation to tourism development condition and pattern, the driving mechanism of producing tourism ecological security problems in nature heritage is discussed. Second, combining Analytical Hierarchy Process with Delphi, the evaluation index system of tourism ecological security in nature heritage is constructed, including nature ecological security, landscape visual security and local culture ecological security, then the security threshold of index is also established. Among the indices’ weights of the tourism ecological security evaluation index system, the nature ecological security ranks the highest followed by tourism landscape visual security and culture ecological security. It shows the nature ecological security is the precondition and basic of nature heritage tourism sustainable development. As the necessary tourism facilities，their landscape visual ecological security has great impacts on nature landscape integrality and aesthetics value, so great attention should be paid to the landscape visual ecological security. The traditional culture in nature heritage is not only the product of historical evaluation and development but important and non-renewable tourism resource, so culture ecological security is also the important indicator of tourism ecological security in nature heritage. The indices’ weight reflects the influence degree of the factor to tourism ecological security, which could provide guide for the nature heritages’ tourism development. Third, take the Kanas Nature Reserve as a case, based on the data from field survey and observation as well as questionnaire on tourists and local communities, used the methods of tourism ecology, landscape ecology and anthropology, based on nature property and human impacts，the ecological security status in nature, landscape vision and culture in Kanas is evaluated. The status of Kanas tourism ecological security is better, and the synthetical evaluation is about 0.6706. But there still have some limited factors. Among 24 evaluating index, there are 10 up to par and 14 limited factors. In nature ecological security, it’s crucial to reduce the tourist density in some tourism spots. It’s not optimistic in culture ecological security and efficient measures should be taken to ensure its ecological security. With more reception facilities moved out to Jiadengyu, landscape visual ecological security can be ensured. Fourth, the tourism ecological security in nature heritage aims to protect heritage’s authenticity and integrality, namely ensuring aboriginality of natural ecosystem, integrality of landscape aesthetics and authenticity of tradition culture. By analyzing the management problems in Kanas tourism, the management model of tourism enterprise& residents& local government is discussed, and the benefit distributing and harmony mechanism should be constructed in nature heritage. Based on the evaluating system of tourism ecological security, the countermeasure to ensure tourism ecological security is also put forward