Dynamics of plant metal uptake and metal changes in whole soil and soil particle fractions during repeated phytoextraction

Phytoextration of metal polluted soils using hyperaccumulators is a promising technology but requires long term successive cropping. This study investigated the dynamics of plant metal uptake and changes in soil metals over a long remediation time. A soil slightly polluted with metals (S1) was mixed with highly polluted soil (S4) to give two intermediate pollution levels (S2, S3). The four resulting soils were repeatedly phyto-extracted using nine successive crops of Cd/Zn-hyperaccumulator Sedum plumbizincicola over a period of 4 years. Shoot Cd concentration decreased with harvest time in all soils but shoot Zn declined in S1 only. Similar shoot Zn concentrations were found in S2, S3 and S4 although these soils differed markedly in metal availability, and their available metals decreased during phytoextraction. A possible explanation is that plant active acquisition ability served to maintain plant metal uptake. Plant uptake resulted in the largest decrease in the acid-soluble metal fraction followed by reducible metals. Oxidisable and residual fractions were less available to plants. The coarse soil particle fractions made the major contribution to metal decline overall than the fine fractions. Sedum plumbizincicola maintained long term metal uptake and the coarse soil particles played the most important role in phytoextraction.Phytoextration of metal polluted soils using hyperaccumulators is a promising technology but requires long term successive cropping. This study investigated the dynamics of plant metal uptake and changes in soil metals over a long remediation time