(Beta)-decay experiments and the unitarity of the CKM matrix

The goal of this project was to perform very precise measurements of super-allowed Fermi {beta} decay in order to investigate a possible non-unitarity in the CKM matrix of the Standard Model of particle physics. Current data from 9 precisely measured {beta} decays indicated that the sum-of-squares of the first row of the CKM matrix differs from 1.0 at the 2.2{sigma} (or 98% confidence) level. If true, it would be the first firm indication of physics beyond the Standard Model--the model that has been the backbone of the worldwide physics community for more than 30 years. The physics goal of the project was to test and constrain the calculated correction factors that must be applied to the experimental data by performing measurements at the TRIUMF radioactive ion beam facility ISAC. Accurate and precise (precision goal >99.9%) half lives and decay branching ratios were measured for nuclei where different sets of calculated corrections give divergent results thereby allowing us to determine which theory, if any, gives the correct result. The LLNL contribution was to design and build the data acquisition system that will enable the experiments, and to provide theoretical calculations necessary for the interpretation of the results. The first planned measurement was {sup 34}Ar, to be followed by {sup 62}Ga and {sup 74}Rb. However, there were major problems in creating a suitable, intense beam of radioactive {sup 34}Ar. The collaboration decided to proceed with measurements on {sup 62}Ga and {sup 18}Ne. These experiments were performed in a series of measurements in the summer and fall of 2004. The LLNL team also is leading the effort to perform measurements on {sup 66}As and {sup 70}Br that are expected during 2006-2008. While the definitive experiments to meet the goals of the LDRD were not conducted during the funding period, the involvement in the radioactive program at TRIUMF has lead to a number of new initiatives, and has attracted new staff to LLNL. This LDRD has laid the foundation for involvement in one of the world-leading radioactive beam facilities