X-ray spectroscopy from fusion plasmas

Our understanding of laser energy coupling into laser-driven inertial confinement fusion targets largely depends on our ability to accurately measure and simulate the plasma conditions in the underdense corona and in high density capsule implosions. X-ray spectroscopy is an important technique which has been applied to measure the total absorption of laser energy into the fusion target, the fraction of laser energy absorbed by hot electrons, and the conditions in the fusion capsule in terms of density and temperature. These parameters provide critical benchmarking data for performance studies of the fusion target and for radiation-hydrodynamic and laser-plasma interaction simulations. Using x-ray spectroscopic techniques for these tasks has required its application to non-standard conditions where kinetics models have not been extensively tested. In particular, for the conditions in high density implosions, where electron temperatures achieve 1 - 2 keV and electron densities reach 10²⁴ cm^-3 evolving on time scales of < 1 ns, no independent non-spectroscopic measurements of plasma parameters are available. For these reasons, we have performed experiments in open-geometry gas bag plasmas at densities of 10²¹ cm^-3 and which am independently diagnosed with Thomson scattering and stimulated Raman scattering. We find that kinetics modeling is in good agreement with measured intensities of the dielectronic satellites of the He-{beta} line (n= l-3) of Ar XVII. Applying these findings to the experimental results of capsule implosions provides additional evidence of� temperature gradients at peak compression