Copenhagen Schools Environment Security: case studies of Taiwan and the United States' Disaster Prevention and Response System

[[abstract]]本研究主要以哥本哈根學派安全化理論分析台灣與美國的災害防救體制，用以探究安全的主體間性與指涉對象係如何影響安全制度的形成。不同於以往的災害體系研究方式，本研究認為災害防救體制雖然身為一種安全制度，但是會受限於結構中行為主體對於存在性威脅的認知。並且，藉由不同的威脅認知在透過安全行為主體於結構中的互動後，亦會形成不同的安全政策。故本研究以長期的制度演變過程，分析不同時期的威脅認知是如何影響災害體制的發展。 本研究透過歷史制度論、文獻分析法、論述分析等三種研究方法來分析行為主體與結構之間的關連性，並且透過文本中的安全表述來闡釋當代威脅認知。在「言語－行為」的概念下，揭示安全行為主體在威脅認知下的安全策略選擇。是以，本研究將台灣與美國的災害防救體制發展各分為三個區段。在台灣方面，將災害防救體制區分為「1945年-1994年」、「1994年-2009年」、「2009年之後」；在美國方面則區分為「1950年-1979年」、「1979年-2003年」、「2003年之後」。並且，透過台灣與美國各自在三個區段的組內以及組間分析，來顯示出威脅認知、安全行為主體、結構與市民社會之間的動態變化過程。 透過安全化指標的組內與組間的分析成果，本研究達到兩項研究目的。在實務目的上，本研究認為台灣災害體制可以學習美國以形成區域災害應變中心，以便統合災害回報資訊，以及運用專業而非政治性的人員進行分配管理。在理論目的上，本研究除了以案例方式操作安全化理論的可能性，也透過組內分析，驗證威脅在安全光譜中的非政治化、政治化、安全化的過程，以及安全政策的安全化、去安全化現象。[[abstract]]The aim of this thesis is to analyse Taiwan and United States’ Disaster Prevention and Response System, base on the conception of Copenhagen Schools Securitization theory, and also discuss how did the form of the security policy affected by the intersubjective security and referent objects. Different from the other research articles, this study argues that the security policy will influence by securitizing actors who experience the existentially threat in the structural function. According to different forms of threat ideal, the system of interacting parts of securitizing actors in the structural function will construct different security institutions. Therefore, this study uses a long-term historical process to analyse how the threat ideal affects the evolution of Disaster Prevention and Response System. This article adopts three methodologies, which are “historical institutionalism”, “literature analysis” and “discourse approach”, to analyse the security utterance of context to interpretive contemporary threat ideal. By the way of “speech act”, it will reveal securitizing actors how to choose the security institution in the threat ideal. Therefore, this study divides Taiwan and United States into three sections time to analyze different evolutions of security policy. According to the analytic framework of Taiwan and Untied States, the securitization element of referent objects, securitizing actors, structural function, and civil society, these four important elements will lead the result into two different consequences. The practical way, Taiwan’s system should form cross-regional emergency operation center to unify the disaster response information, and use a nonpolitical professional leader to control the disaster system. The theoretical way, this study is not only verifies the securitization theory by the case studies, also identifies the securitization and the desecuritization of security policy, and proves the threat can be located on spectrum ranging from nonpoliticized through politicized to securitized.[[note]]碩