The Operation and Development of a Charismatic Leadership Religious Group: A Case Study of Spiritual Communion Club in Chi Nan University, Taiwan

[[abstract]]以往學界多將妙天禪師所成立的宗教組織歸為所謂的「新興宗教」，並認為妙天禪師屬於「克里斯瑪」（charisma）型的領導者。「克里斯瑪」這個概念來自社會學家韋伯，指的是某些人因為擁有神聖、或至少是卓越的特質，因而成為追隨者狂熱效忠的領袖。本研究所關注的是，一個所謂的克理斯瑪教團在組織擴大之後所面臨的科層化課題，以及科層化對領導者克理斯瑪魅力所帶來的影響。 妙天教團包含了兩個主要的組織，一是以「人間淨土」為運作目標的「臺灣禪宗佛教會」，另一是以「世界和平」為運作目標的「世界領袖教育基金會」，筆者發現，這兩個組織在運作形式，以及對妙天禪師教義的詮釋上日益呈現出不同的走向，以致形成了某種程度的緊張與競爭關係。 本文以暨南大學的印心社作為研究對象，藉以呈現上述兩個妙天教團組織之不同路線發展所造成的影響。印心社隸屬於世界領袖教育基金會的大專團，卻因創社成員背景與所在地理位置，成立至今一直受到台灣禪教會系統影響較深。今年初主要社團幹部認為世界領袖教育基金會過於強調科層化發展，反而阻礙了修行，因此決定脫離其管轄，轉由禪教會服務人員協助運作，這個事情反映了一個克里斯瑪教團走向例行化過程時所面臨到的挑戰。[[abstract]]The academic used to commit the organized religion, set up by Miao-tien zen master, to the so-called “new religion” and Miao-tien zen master was considered of the leader of Charisma type. The idea of Charisma, originated from the sociologist Weber. This study concerns the bureaucratization issues faced by a so-called Charismatic leadership group after the expansion of the organization and the influence upon the Charisma of the leader after bureaucratization. Two major organizations are contained in Miao-tien Association, as “Taiwan Zen Buddhist Association” operated with the goal of “heaven on earth” and “World Leadership Education Foundation” operated with the goal of “world peace”. The author found that the operation forms of the two organizations and their interpretations of the doctrines of Miao-tien zen master had presented differently little by little that the tense and competition relation in a certain extent were generated. Based on Spiritual Communion Club in National Chi Nan University as the research subject, this paper aimed to present the effects of the different developments of the above two organizations in Miao-tien Association resulted. The Spiritual Communion Club, as the college team in World Leadership Education Foundation, was deeply affected by the system of Taiwan Zen Buddhist Association owning to the backgrounds of charter members and the geographical position of the location. In the beginning of this year, major society cadre members considered World Leadership Education Foundation emphasizing too much on bureaucratization development so that the zen practices were obstructed. They therefore decided to separate from its domination and turn to the assistance of the service personals in Zen Buddhist Association. This event reflected the challenge faced by a Charismatic leader group in the process of moving towards routinisation.[[note]]碩