On Unsteady Simulations in Train Aerodynamics

The paper presents the present status of unsteady simulations in train aerodynamics. The approaches range from Large-Eddy Simulation, hybrid RANS-LES in form of so called Detached-Eddy Simulations and Partially-Averaged Navier-Stokes to unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes. Usage of a hybrid technique called Partially-Averaged Navier-Stokes is discussed. Applications of different techniques are illustrated with examples from predictions of flows around generic train vehicles. Numerical prediction of crosswind stability and flow control of train-like vehicles is discussed