(27(1):12-27)OBSERVATIONS ON THE HENRIA SP.

直脈癭蠅(Henia sp.)為近年來發生於洋菇(Agaricus brunnescens)栽培床，為害菌絲及菇體，因而影響製罐原料洋菇之品質。茲就近兩年來室內飼育試驗觀察所得，及菇舍調查結果，整理摘述如下： 1. 直脈癭蠅屬於Heteropezinae亞科，幼蟲體色淡黃，體軀略粗短，生活習性可分為有性世代及幼體生殖世代(Paedogenetic generation)，在食料充足，環境適宜幼蟲均以幼體生殖繁殖後代；但若良料缺乏或環境不適時，則能以母幼蟲呈休眠，故稱為休眠性母幼蟲（Dormant mother larvae）。成蟲羽化似有受季節限制，室內飼育者以5月份最多，6月份次之。菇舍中則於洋菇栽培結束後之4月間，短暫的大量發生成蟲，在洋菇栽培期問尚無成蟲發現。 2. 幼蟲食料除洋菇菌絲外，以綠黴菌絲(Trichoderma viride)飼育者，其幼體生殖世代之時間及幼體生殖小幼蟲數量，均較以洋菇菌絲飼養者為短而多。此外，幼蟲在放射菌Micromonospora sp. (A4)及Actinomyces (B4)上飼養，發現幼蟲不能生長增殖。而在黑鎚菌(Humicola spp.)及念珠菌(Torula thermophila及Torula sp.)之菌絲上飼育時，幼蟲雖可生活增殖，但以前者之幼蟲生殖數量顯較後者為少。在高溫菇(Agaricus bitorquis)菌絲上則不能生活。 3. 幼蟲在各優良洋菇品系之幼體生殖世代時間及母幼蟲之生殖數量各有不同（在15-(17.9)-21℃），其中以品系547為最長及最少（38-(45.3)-74天）及（1-(2.4)-6隻），其次為品系554（32-(40.0)-61天）及（l-(4.2)-9隻）；而品系551則幼體生殖世代最短而生產數量最多（28-(33.6)-41天）及（3-(8.4)-15隻）。在相同之溫度環境以綠黴菌飼育者，則其幼體生殖世代最短（31-(32.8)-35天），母幼蟲生殖數量亦最多（31-(50.9)-61隻），母幼蟲之體長亦最大（2.7-(3.0)-3.7mm）。由此可知其幼蟲在雜菌較洋菇菌絲上生長為良好。 4．幼蟲在低溫(10±2℃)經2個月，有部分（約35%）始能長成為母幼蟲，經3個月全部均可成為母幼蟲，經7個月約有30％已死亡。休眠母幼蟲在低溫時，經1個月後約僅10％能生存。 5. 在試管以綠黴菌絲斜面培養幼蟲，距接蟲1.5~2個月後，幼蟲數量增加，似由於食料漸缺，且培養基漸乾，即有部分母幼蟲呈休眠。 6. 休眠母幼蟲在室溫乾燥之環境下，經4個月，尚有約20％能維持生命。 7. 幼蟲及休眠母幼蟲在45℃處理6小時，即全部死亡，故堆肥後醱酵之溫度達到標準將幼蟲及休眠母幼蟲殺死。 8．幼蟲在各菇舍所佔癭蠅幼蟲之比率，因菇舍而異，約自0~26％左右，時常與粗緣癭蠅幼蟲同時發生為害。 9．幼蟲在洋菇體棲息部位，在菇體外者約佔16%，潛入菇體內者竟達84%，故在製造洋菇罐頭時，無法將菇體中之幼蟲用水沖去。 Results of the 2-year observations in the laboratory and under field conditions are summarized as follows 1. The larvae are yellow, fairly robust and paedogenetic when the food is abundant and the microclimate is appropriate. Under unfavorable conditions they reproduce sexually and generally adults appear only in April or May. 2. The larvae can develop more readily and reproduce more prefusely on Trichoderma viride than on the Agaricus brunnescens, and less so on Humicola spp. and Torula spp. They cannot develop and reproduce on Micromonospora sp., Actinomyces sp. and Agaricus bitorquis. 3. The rate of development and paedogenetic reproduction of the larvae varies with different strains of the Agaricus brunnescens. Under the temperature of 15-20°C, it is lowest for strain 547 and highest for strain 554. On the former strain, the completion of each paedogenetic generation requires 38-74 (av. 45.3 ) days while each mother larva reproduces 1-6 (av. 2.4) daughter larvae; on the latter strain, 32-61 (av. 40.0) days and 1-9 (av. 4.2) daughter larvae; and on Trichoderma viride, 28-41 (av. 33.6) days and 31-61 (av. 50.9) daughter larvae. 4. Under low temperature (10±2°C) , about 35% and 100% of the larvae develop into mother larvae before the end of the 2nd and 3rd months, respectively. Under the same temperature, the mortality of the dormant mother larvae is about 90% in the 1st month. 5. After being reared for 1 -2 months on slanting culture media in test tubes, the number of dormant mother larvae gradually increase in proportion and their body-size becomes smaller and smaller. 6. Under dry conditions, about 20% of the dormant mother larvae may survive at the end of the 4th month. 7. All ordinary larvae as well as dormant mother larvae will die of 6 hours’ 45°C treatment, none of them would therefore survive during the peak heat of the compost used for mushroom cultivation. 8. The larvae are often less (0-26%) found in association with those of Heteropeza Pygmaea in the polyethylene tents. 9. About 84% of the larvae mine into the tissues of the mushroom and cannot be cleaned away by washing during the canning processes