Leadership Violence at High School Sports Club Activities

This study seeks to illuminate the state of leadership violence in high school sports clubs and the athlete perceptions of such violence. A total of 226 female college students who engaged in sports club activities in high school responded to our survey. The study found the following： （1） 28.8% of the respondents experienced leadership violence. Many of those who experienced violence belonged to ball game clubs. （2） The competence of athletes who experienced violence was higher than those who did not experience violence. （3） The frequency of violence was higher for athletes who had more opportunities to compete in games. （4） Much of the violence took the form of slapping. One of the most commonly cited reasons was not reaching expectations. （5） Athletes had a tendency to think that although leadership violence was frustrating，it could not be helped because such violence was a result of their own failures. Accordingly，participants tended to be grateful toward leaders for inflicting violence because they felt that such actions helped them grow both mentally and technically. （6） While many athletes who experienced violence believed it to be necessary at times，those who did not experience violence believed it to be is unnecessary. （7） It is highly likely that many of the survey respondents，regardless of their experience with leader violence，will inflict violence on their future student athletes if the students do not comply with rules