Diabetes therapy has dramatically progressed, but the chronic complications such as microvascular and macrovascularcomplications are still the important causes of morbidity and mortality rates in diabetic patients. Metabolic perturbations such as oxidativestress, advance glycation end product formation, protein kinase C and NFκB activation, increased polyol flux, and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activation play key roles in the onset of the chronic complications. However, the direct cause is not discovered. Thus,the treatments for the purpose to cure the complications are not established. Recently, we found bone marrow-derived cells that haveabnormal characteristics in their stem cell phase, and were related to the onset of the dia...