The aquatic environment harbors many microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. In addition, many survive in their intestines and enter into their body through intake of food or water. These intestinal or environment microorganisms are trying to invade the fish body, but their invasion and proliferation are prevented by the bio-defense mechanisms in a healthy fish. The first line of defense is non-specific innate immune system which is important especially in fish as a lower vertebrate. The humoral and cellular factors involved in the innate immune system in fish are introduced in Section 1.Microorganisms escaped from the first barrier come across with the second line of defense, adaptive immune system characterized by th...
Over the last 25 years, aquaculture has grown into a very significant industry. Fish hatcheries and...
Immunoglobulins are globulins with antibody activity or antibody-like structures, and fish were the ...
Most individual fish in farmed and wild populations are infected with parasites. Upon dissection of ...
The aquatic environment harbors many microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. I...
Fish are fascinating creatures with a certain degree of immunity comparable to those of mammals. The...
Fish despite their low collocation in the vertebrate phylum possess a complete immune system. In tel...
Innate immune response is a primitive form of defense mechanism existent in plants and animals. It i...
This chapter describes methods to prevent and/or protect fish from infectious diseases. Chemotherapy...
The term immunity means exemption. This meaning was derived from exemption granted to certain catego...
The gastrointestinal immune system plays an important role in immune homeostasis regulation. It regu...
Cellular immune responses consist of innate and adaptive cell-mediated immune mechanisms, where all ...
Not AvailableCrustacean aquaculture, dominated by shrimp, is a highly profitable food-producing sect...
Viral diseases cause particularly severe damages in aquaculture in the world, mainly due to lack of ...
When a pathogen infects a host, there may be some initial abnormalities, in the host because of infe...
Research on an innate immune system of penaeid shrimp is greatly motivated by economical requirement...
Over the last 25 years, aquaculture has grown into a very significant industry. Fish hatcheries and...
Immunoglobulins are globulins with antibody activity or antibody-like structures, and fish were the ...
Most individual fish in farmed and wild populations are infected with parasites. Upon dissection of ...
The aquatic environment harbors many microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. I...
Fish are fascinating creatures with a certain degree of immunity comparable to those of mammals. The...
Fish despite their low collocation in the vertebrate phylum possess a complete immune system. In tel...
Innate immune response is a primitive form of defense mechanism existent in plants and animals. It i...
This chapter describes methods to prevent and/or protect fish from infectious diseases. Chemotherapy...
The term immunity means exemption. This meaning was derived from exemption granted to certain catego...
The gastrointestinal immune system plays an important role in immune homeostasis regulation. It regu...
Cellular immune responses consist of innate and adaptive cell-mediated immune mechanisms, where all ...
Not AvailableCrustacean aquaculture, dominated by shrimp, is a highly profitable food-producing sect...
Viral diseases cause particularly severe damages in aquaculture in the world, mainly due to lack of ...
When a pathogen infects a host, there may be some initial abnormalities, in the host because of infe...
Research on an innate immune system of penaeid shrimp is greatly motivated by economical requirement...
Over the last 25 years, aquaculture has grown into a very significant industry. Fish hatcheries and...
Immunoglobulins are globulins with antibody activity or antibody-like structures, and fish were the ...
Most individual fish in farmed and wild populations are infected with parasites. Upon dissection of ...