THE VICTIMIZATION OF WOMEN

Nasilje nad ženskami je po raziskavah in statističnih podatkih (tako domačih kot mednarodnih) pereč problem, ne samo zaradi trpljenja, ki ga žrtve doživljajo, temveč tudi zaradi posledic na zdravstvenem in drugih področjih. Po podatkih Nacionalne raziskave o nasilju v zasebni sferi in v partnerskih odnosih so ženske, ki doživljajo nasilje, v povprečju manj zdrave. Večkrat doživljajo stres, motnje prehranjevanja, spanja, strah, depresivnost in pogosteje mislijo na samomor. Hujše posledice so še smrt, trajna invalidnost, osamitev, ipd. Temu pritrjuje tudi Društvo za Združene narode za Slovenijo , ki dodaja, da se zaradi tega zmanjša tudi možnost sodelovanja žensk v javnem življenju, nasilje pa škoduje tudi njihovim družinam ter celotni skupnosti. Ker je po mnenju viktimologov mogoče na podlagi viktimoloških spoznanj o ženski kot žrtvi, o njenih bioloških, psiholoških in socialnih značilnostih, oblikah nasilja nad njo in dejavnikih kriminalne viktimizacije razviti bolj uspešen sistem ukrepov, zlasti preventivnih, za zmanjšanje oz. odpravo nasilja nad žensko, sem sklenila v svoji diplomski nalogi predstaviti viktimološka spoznanja o ženskah kot žrtvah kriminalnih dejanj, opredeliti viktimizacijo ženske, zlasti pa ugotoviti vlogo ženske - žrtve pri kriminalnem dejanju, podrobneje opredeliti nasilje nad žensko v družini, spolno nasilje nad žensko, trgovino z ljudmi in premoženjske delikte nad žensko ter predstaviti zaščito žensk v Sloveniji. Predmet proučevanja v diplomski nalogi je odrasla ženska, posvetila sem se tudi primerjavi viktimizacije mladega dekleta in starejše ženske. Proučevala sem spoznanja viktimologije v ožjem smislu, tj. viktimologije, ki se ukvarja s proučevanjem neposrednih žrtev kriminalnih dejanj. Osredotočila sem se samo na tista deviantna dejanja nad žrtvijo, ki so hkrati tudi kazniva. Pri navajanju podatkov sem se zanašala na uradne statistične podatke, na pridobljene statistične podatke policije v obdobju 2010-2014 in na podatke že narejenih raziskav slovenskih in tujih raziskovalcev. V diplomski nalogi sem postavila dve hipotezi. Za hipotezo 1, ki pravi, da viktimizacija žensk največkrat ni naključen pojav, sem ugotovila, da absolutno drži, kar potrjujejo tudi vse raziskave, vključno z mojo na podlagi policijskih statističnih podatkov. Pri hipotezi 2, ki pravi, da ukrepi institucionalnih in neinstitucionalnih organov upoštevajo spoznanja viktimološke znanosti o nasilju nad ženskami, se nisem mogla toliko zanašati na raziskave in statistične podatke, pač pa bolj na pregled mednarodne in nacionalne zakonodaje, preprečevalnih ukrepov na vseh ravneh, na mnenja priznanih viktimologov, ki pravijo, da »se novejša prizadevanja kažejo v skrbi za žrtve, v pomoči strokovnjakov in pomembni vlogi organizacij in društev za pomoč žrtvam« , na trud organov pomoči za pridobivanjem znanja in skupnim delovanjem ter na uvajanje viktimologije na visokošolskem, univerzitetnem in magistrskem nivoju. Zato menim, da hipoteza deloma drži, saj zlasti z uvajanjem viktimologije v izobraževalne programe policistov, kriminalistov in pravnikov, »vzgajamo« takšne uslužbence, ki bodo razumeli žrtev, vpliv njenih osebnostnih lastnosti na kaznivo dejanje in pomen njene interakcije s storilcem ter ki ne bodo krivili žrtev zaradi njenega obnašanja za lastno viktimizacijo. To še posebej velja za posilstvo in drugo spolno nasilje , kjer še zmeraj velikokrat veljajo družbeni predsodki.According to studies and statistics (both domestic and international), violence against women is a pressing problem, not only because of the suffering experienced by the victims but also because of the effects on health and other areas. According to the National research on violence in private sphere and in partner relationships , women who experience violence are, on average, less healthy. They experience stress, eating and sleep disorders, anxiety and depression more often and think of suicide more frequently. More serious consequences are death, permanent disability, isolation, etc. The United Nations Association of Slovenia agrees with this and adds that the violence and its consequences also reduce the possibility of participation of women in public life and that the violence also harms their families and the entire community. Since, according to the opinion of the victimologists, it is possible to develop a more effective system of measures, in particular preventive, mitigation measures or measures to eliminate the violence against women, on the basis of victimology knowledge on a woman as a victim, on her biological, psychological and social characteristics, forms of violence against her and factors of criminal victimisation, I decided to present in my thesis the victimology knowledge on women as victims of crime, define the victimisation of a woman and, in particular, to determine the role of a woman - victim of the criminal act, to detail the violence against women in the family, sexual violence against women, trafficking human beings and property offences committed against women and to present the protection of women in Slovenia. Object of study in this thesis is an adult womanI also dedicated to the comparison of victimisation of young girls and older women. I studied victimology knowledge in the strict sense, i.e. victimology which deals with the study of the direct victims of crime. I only focused on those deviant acts against a victim which are also punishable. In providing the information, I have relied on the official statistical data, acquired statistical information of the police in the period 2010-2014 and on the information from the research already made by Slovenian and foreign researchers. In the thesis, I set up two hypotheses. I found that hypothesis 1, which says that victimisation of women often is not a random phenomenon, is absolutely true which is also confirmed by all research, including my own on the basis of police statistics. In hypothesis 2, which states that measures of institutional and non-institutional authorities consider the findings of victimological science on violence against women, I could not so much rely on research and statistics, but rather on the review of the international and national legislation, preventive measures at all levels, opinions of victimologists saying that "recent efforts are reflected in the care for the victims, the assistance of experts and the important role of organisations and associations to help victims" , on the effort of the assistance authorities to acquire knowledge and act together and on the introduction of victimology in higher education, university and master\u27s level. I therefore believe that the hypothesis is partly trueespecially, since by the introduction of victimology in training programs of police officers, criminologists and lawyers, we "educate" such employees who will understand a victim, the impact of her personal attributes on the offence and the meaning of her interaction with the offender, and who will not blame a victim for her own victimisation because of her behaviour. This is especially true for rape and other sexual violence which is often still subject to social prejudices