RISK IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND BANK GUARANTEE AS INSTRUMENT OF PAYMENTS INSURANCE

V mednarodnem poslovanju se podjetja srečujejo z raznimi tveganji, pred katerimi se lahko zavarujejo z različnimi instrumenti. Eden izmed najbolj učinkovitih in varnih je prav gotovo bančna garancija, ki je v sedanji poslovni praksi urejena z Enotnimi pravili za garancije na poziv 758 (EPGP 758), ki jih je sprejela Mednarodna trgovinska zbornica (MTZ) in veljajo od 1. julija 2010. Ta pravila prav tako opredeljujejo glavne elemente, ki jih mora vsebovati garancija, kar zmanjšuje tveganje, da bo kasneje prišlo do nejasnosti pri poslovanju z garancijo oz. celo do spora med pogodbenima strankama in posledično do unovčitve garancije. Garancija je veljavna od dneva, ko je izdana s strani garanta, oziroma kasneje, če je tako določeno z garancijo. Preneha pa veljati z datumom izteka veljavnosti, ki je prav tako naveden v garanciji, kar pomeni, da mora upravičenec podati zahtevo za izplačilo garancijskega zneska najkasneje do tega datuma oziroma pred njim. V primeru, da pride do unovčenja garancij, mora upravičenec, ki s tem zahteva izplačilo garancijskega zneska, pri podani zahtevi predložiti vse dokumente, ki so za ta namen določeni v sami garanciji. V nasprotnem primeru ni upravičen do izplačila. Prav tako v tem primeru garant ni zavezan k plačilu garantiranega zneska. Pri poslovanju z garancijami pa obstaja tudi tveganje zlorab garancij s strani upravičenca, da bo ta neupravičeno zahteval plačilo garancijskega zneska od garanta, s čimer bo povzročena poslovna škoda nalogodajalcu, ki nato lahko s sicer zamudnimi sodnimi postopki zahteva povrnitev neupravičeno izplačanega garancijskega zneska. Garant je v primeru morebitnega uveljavljanja plačila po garanciji zavarovan s kritjem, za katerega se je dogovoril in sklenil pogodbo o izdaji garancije med njim in nalogodajalcem.In international business companies are facing with a variety of risks, from which they can be protected by different instruments. One of the most effective and safe insurance instrument is certainly a bank guarantee, which in the current business practice regulated by the Uniform Demand Guarantees Rules 758 (URDG 758), adopted by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) with effect from 1. July 2010. These rules also set out the main elements, that must be included in the guarantee, which reduces the risk, that could later led to confusion in dealing with warranty or even to the conflict between the parties and consequently to the demand for payment and realization of the guarantee. Guarantee is valid from the date it is issued by a guarantor, or later, if so determined by the guarantee. It expire with the expiry date, which is also stated in the guarantee, which means that the beneficiary must lodge a demand for payment of the amount under a guarantee, no later than that date or before this date. In case that there comes to the demand for payment under a guarantee from the beneficiary, thereby requiring the payment of the guaranteed amount, it must be given with request that includes all documents for this purpose, that are determinated in itself guarantee. Otherwise the beneficiary is not entitled to the payment. Also in this case the guarantor is not obliged to the payment of the guaranteed amount. When dealing with guarantees, there is also the risk of misuse the guarantee by the beneficiary, in case that he will wrongfully claimed payment of the guaranteed amount from the guarantor and thereby caused commercial damage to the applicant, who then can, with otherwise time-consuming court procedures, require reimbursement of unduly paid amount of the guarantee. The guarantor is in case of a possible enforcement of payment under the guarantee secured by a cover, which has been negotiated and concluded with an agreement on the issue of guarantee between him and the applicant