THE PROTECTION OF POSSESSION WITH THE OVERVIEW OF RECENT CASE LAW

Posest predstavlja enega temeljnih pojmov in fenomenov stvarnega prava. Posest ni pravica, ampak s pravom varovan dejanski položaj. Čeprav posest ni pravica, posestniku daje pravovarstveno upravičenje. Namen take ureditve je v začasni ureditvi posesti, dokler se o njej pravnomočno ne odloči v sporu, predvsem pa je namen posestnega varstva v preprečevanju nasilnega in samovoljnega uveljavljanja zatrjevanih pravic, resničnih ali namišljenih imetnikov pravic, saj je v pravno urejeni državi vsaka nasilna sprememba obstoječega stanja prepovedana. Varstvo posesti je zagotovljeno skozi dve obliki, ki sta samopomoč in sodno varstvo posesti. Samopomoč je oblika varstva posesti, katere se lahko posestnik posluži za zavarovanje svoje posesti, ki mu je bila protipravno odvzeta ali motena. Pogoj je, da je nevarnost neposredna, da je samopomoč takojšnja in nujna ter da način samopomoči ustreza okoliščinam, v katerih obstaja nevarnost. Druga oblika varstva posesti je sodno varstvo posesti, ki zagotavlja samostojno in neodvisno od pravice do stvari pravno zaščito pred motenjem ali odvzemom posesti. Eno najpomembnejših načel postopka sodnega varstva posesti je načelo hitrosti postopka. Posestno varstvo mora biti hitro in kot tako varovati posest, dokler se o njej ne odloči v sporu, ki temelji na pravici. Sodišče daje varstvo posesti le glede na zadnje stanje posesti in nastalo motenje, pri tem pa ne upošteva pravice do posesti in dobrovernosti posestnika. Za utemeljeno varstvo posesti mora biti izpolnjenih več predpostavk. Tožnik mora biti v času motenja ali odvzema posestnik stvari, toženec more biti pasivno legitimiran, posest mora biti res motena, motenje pa mora biti samovoljno oziroma protipravno. Varstvo posesti je utemeljeno le v kolikor je izkazan pravni oziroma z njim tesno povezani ekonomski interes za tak zahtevek, predvsem pa je pomembno, da je spor zaradi motenja posesti sprožen v zakonsko določenih rokih, ki izhajajo iz načela hitrosti postopka.The concept of possession is one of the fundamental concepts and a phenomenon of civil and property law. The possession is not a right but a legally protected actual control over an object. Although the possession is not a right, the possessor is given legal protection of it. The purpose of such regulation is in the temporary arrangement of possession until the final legally binding decision in the litigation over the right to possession is reached. But above all, the purpose of protection of possession is in preventing violent and arbitrary exercise of the rights claimed from real or even imaginary right holders. In a country with the rule of law every violent change of state is prohibited. The legal protection of possession is guaranteed in two forms which are self-help and judicial protection of possession. Self-help is a form of protection of possession that the possessor can use to secure or take back its possession that has been unlawfully taken or unlawfully disturbed. But for the use of self-help as protection of possession a couple of conditions must be met. The danger must be imminent, self-help must be immediate and necessary, and it must be proportional or appropriate to the circumstances of the threatening danger. The second form of protection of possession is the judicial protection of possession which guarantees an autonomous and independent legal protection against unlawful disturbance or deprivation of possession. One of the most important principles of judicial protection of possession is the principle of an accelerated procedure. The procedure regarding the protection of possession must be quick because the possession is only protected until a final legally binding decision in the litigation on the basis of the right to possession is reached. The court decides about the protection of possession only according to the last state of peaceful possession and the disturbance occurred. The court is not interested in the right to possession or the honesty or dishonesty of the possessor. For the merits of the claim for protection of possession certain assumptions have to be fulfilled. The plaintiff has to be the possessor in the time of deprivation or disturbance of his possession, the defendant has to be capable of being sued, the possession has to be really disturbed, and the disturbance of possession has to be arbitrary and unlawful. The judicial protection of possession is justified only if the plaintiff is able to demonstrate a legitimate legal or economic interest. And finally, it is also very important that the litigation due to disturbance of the possession is initiated within the time limits provided by the law for such sort of dispute