EXTRACTION OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM GANODERMA LUCIDUM USING ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Namen magistrskega dela je bil pridobiti in okarakterizirati ekstrakte iz trosnjakov in primodijev gobe Ganoderma lucidum. V ta namen smo izvedli klasično ekstrakcijo materiala z različnimi organskimi topili, pri dveh temperaturah (sobna, vroča). Sledila je kemijska karakterizacija ekstraktov, ki je obsegala določevanje vsebnosti skupnih fenolov, polisaharidov in proteinov. Določevanje biološke aktivnosti je obsegalo merjenje antioksidativne aktivnosti ekstraktov z DPPH• metodo in sposobnost zaviranja encima acetilholinesteraze z Ellmanovo metodo. Rezultati so pokazali, da na izkoristke ekstrakcij vpliva polarnost topila. Izbira topila prav tako vpliva na vsebnosti skupnih fenolov, kjer smo pri ekstrakcijah z etanolom in acetonom zabeležili največje vsebnosti le teh. Polisaharide smo pridobivali po različnih v literaturi opisanih postopkih in ugotovili, da trosnjaki vsebujejo predvsem proste polisaharide, medtem ko primodiji vsebujejo veliko kompleksov fenol- polisaharid. V ekstraktu pridobljenem iz primodijev G. lucidum beležimo petkrat večje vsebnosti proteinov, kot v ekstraktu pridobljenim iz trosnjaka gobe. Največji odstotek zaviranja radikala DPPH smo izmerili po dodatku ekstrakta pridobljenega po vroči ekstrakciji z acetonom, tako pri trosnjakih kot pri primodijih. Antioksidativna aktivnost organskih ekstraktov sovpada z vsebnostjo skupnih fenolov. Ekstrakti bogati s polisaharidi pridobljeni iz trosnjakov so imeli večjo sposobnost zaviranja radikala DPPH v primerjavi z ekstrakti pridobljenih iz primodijev. Boljšo antioksidativno aktivnost je imel tudi ekstrakt bogat s proteini pridobljen iz trosnjakov v primerjavi z ekstraktom iz primodijev gobe. Pri testu zaviranja encima acetilholinesteraza smo ugotovili, da imajo ekstrakti bogati z polarnimi kot nepolarnimi spojinami iz primodijev in trosnjakov G. lucidum sposobnost zaviranja encima. Največjo sposobnost zaviranja acetilholinesteraze so pokazali ekstrakti pridobljeni s heksanom iz primodijev G. lucidum.The purpose of the master thesis was to obtain and characterize the extracts from the fruiting body and primodia of Ganoderma lucidum. For this purpose we carried out a classical extraction of material with various organic solvents at two temperatures (room temperature, hot). This was followed by a chemical characterization of the extracts, which included the determination of the content of total phenolics, polysaccharides and proteins. Determination of biological activity consisted from measuring of the antioxidant activity of extracts with DPPH method and the ability of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase inhibition with Ellman’s method. The results showed that on the efficiency of extraction affects the polarity of the solvent. The choice of solvent also affects the content of total phenols. The highest concentrations of total phenols were determined in the extracts obtained with ethanol and acetone. Polysaccharides were extracted by various methods described in the literature and it was found that fruiting bodies containing mostly free polysaccharides, while primodia contain a lot of complexes phenol-polysaccharide. The extract obtained from primordia of G. lucidum contained five times higher amounts protein than the extract obtained from the fruiting bodies of mushrooms. The largest percentage of inhibition of radical DPPH was measured after addition of the extract obtained by hot extraction with acetone of both, fruiting bodies and the primordia. The antioxidant activity of the organic extracts coincides with the content of total phenols. Extracts rich in polysaccharides extracted from the fruiting body had a greater ability to inhibition of radical DPPH compared to extracts derived from primodia. Better antioxidant activity had also extracts rich in proteins extracted from the fruiting body compared with an extract from primodia of mushrooms. The inhibition test of acetylcholinesterase showed, that extracts rich with polar and nonpolar compounds from the fruiting body and primodia of G. lucidum have the ability to inhibit the enzyme. Greater ability of acetylcholinesterase inhibition showed extracts obtained with hexane from primodia of G. lucidu