LIBERALISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Človekove pravice so v moderni dobi na vsak način postale nepogrešljiv del nacionalnega in modernega zavezujočega prava. Vloga države je pri tem večplastna. Tako ni vedno samo zaščitnica temeljnih pravic, ampak tudi mnogokrat glavna kršilka le-teh. Koncept temeljnih pravic se je razvijal skozi tisočletja, predvsem v evropskem prostoru in prostoru iz katerega izhaja evropska kultura. Prve začetke ideje o človekovih pravicah vidimo že v Epu o Gilgamešu, ki predstavlja glavni ep asirsko-babilonske kulture. V 18. in 19. stoletju, se je v zahodni in osrednji Evropi pa tudi v severni Ameriki razvila nova ideologija, ki se imenuje liberalizem. Teoretično postat so liberalizmu oblikovali liberalni filozofi z začetka 18. in 19. stoletja. Glavni predstavniki so John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Thomas Pain, Herbert Spencer in drugi. Ameriška in francoska revolucija ob koncu 18. stoletja sta prinesli deklaracije o človekovih pravicah. Te so konceptualno temeljile na načelih dela naravnega prava. Leto 1848 je bilo leto velikih sprememb. Skoraj celotno Evropo je zajelo gibanje, ki si je za glavne cilje zastavilo spremeniti dotedanjo monarhično ureditev, povečati svobodo govora in tiska, ter uvesti med evropske narode večjo nacionalno zavest. Tako so se tudi na Slovenskem pojavile politične skupine, ki so želele sodelovati pri spremembah tistega časa. Politični tabor je bil razdeljen na dve strani: liberalne mladoslovence in konservativne staroslovence. Obe strani sta ob koncu 19. stoletja oblikovali politični stranki in sicer liberalno Narodno napredno stranko, katere glavna predstavnika sta bila Ivan Tavčar in Ivan Hribar ter konservativno Katoliško narodno stranko, kjer je bil na čelu Ivan Šušteršič. Politični vsakdan je bil prežet z ideološkimi boji in polariziranjem. Slovenskemu liberalizmu je bilo vodilno narodnostno načelo, kar je najbolj oteževalo sodelovanje med konservativci in liberalci. Slovenski liberalni tabor se je zavzemal za enakopravnost Slovencev z nemškim prebivalstvom, vendar te enakopravnosti pa ni priznal Judom. V začetku so nasprotovali tudi uvedbi splošne in enake volilne pravice.Human rights have become an indispensable part of national and international binding law in modern time. The state has a special role in relationship with human rights. On one hand the state is the main protector and on the other hand it is the main violator of human rights. The concept of human rights has developed through millenniums, especially in Europe and in areas where the European culture comes from. As the very first beginning of the concept of Human rights can be recognized the Epic of Gilgamesh, which is considered the world\u27s first truly great work of literature. In the 18th and 19th century has in western and central Europe and in the North America, developed a new ideology named liberalism. The theoretical foundation formed philosophers in early 18th and 19th century. The main representatives are John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Thomas Pain, Herbert Spencer and others. American and French revolution have brought declarations of Human rights. Their theoretical concept in based on the principles of the Natural law. 1848 was the year of huge political changes. Almost the whole Europe was under influence of the March Revolution. The main goals of this uprising were changes of the existing condition in monarchies all over the Europe, to expand the freedom of speech and to enlarge national consciousness. Therefore new political groupations appeared also on the Slovenian territory. They wanted to take part in alternations of this time. The political block was divided in two parts: liberal Young Slovenes and conservative Old Slovenes. Both movements have founded political parties, on one hand the liberal National Progressive Party (the most important representatives were Ivan Tavčar and Ivan Hribar) and on the other hand conservative Catholic National Party (the most important representatives were Janez Bleiweis and Ivan Šušteršič). Polarization and ideological battles have been parts of everyday life. The main principle of Slovenian liberals has been the national principle, which has been the most important barrier between conservatives and liberals. Slovene liberals have promoted the juridical equality between Slovenes and Germans, but they haven´t acknowledged this right to Jews. They have also opposed the introduction of equal and common voting right