Gospodarsko kazensko pravo : diplomsko delo visokošolskega strokovnega študija Varstvoslovje

Gospodarski kriminal kot dejavnost je skoraj nemogoče opisati z enotno definicijo. Razloge za to je iskati v dinamičnosti dejavnosti in različnih pogledih posameznih ved (pravo, sociologija, kriminologija) ter tudi osebnih pogledih posameznikov na to dejavnost. Na artikulacijo definicije vplivata tudi obdobje, v katerem se gospodarski kriminal pojavlja in razvija, ter gospodarski sistem. Od ostalih oblik kriminala se loči glede na pristop, metode in postopke preiskovanja in način izvajanja, ki je značilen za to vrsto kriminala. Izvaja se lahko individualno ali pa organizirano, vedno z istim namenom – protipravno pridobiti osebno premoženjsko korist (bogatiti se). Iz navedenega lahko sklepamo, da izvirajo vzroki gospodarskega kriminala v večini primerov iz statusa posameznika in njegovih potreb (osebni razlogi) pri danih priložnostih (kriminogenih dispozicijah). Če je gospodarski kriminal vezan na osebe, je korporacijski kriminal vezan na gospodarske organizacije – korporacije -, kar pomeni, da so nezakonita ravnanja v prvi fazi izvršena v korist gospodarske organizacije in ne v korist posamezne osebe ali skupine oseb, kar je tudi ena od značilnosti te oblike kriminala. Torej je organizacija center dogajanja. Kriminalno dejanje je najprej storjeno v korist organizacije, šele nato v korist posameznih oseb ali skupine oseb. Presoja, ali določeno ravnanje sodi v sklop gospodarskega kaznivega dejanja (gospodarski, korporacijski kriminal), je na plečih organov pregona. Prav zato morajo imeti vnaprej izdelan niz pravnih pravil, ki določajo gospodarska in korporacijska kazniva dejanja, sankcije za ta dejanja ter pogoje, pod katerimi so za ta kazniva dejanja odgovorne fizične in pravne osebe. Niz pravnih pravil imenujemo gospodarsko kazensko pravo, ki se glede na zaznane probleme in pomanjkljivosti vsebinsko spreminja. Zadnje spremembe so bile izvršene z novelo B Kazenskega zakonika 1 (Zakon o spremembah in dopolnitvah Kazenskega zakonika, 2011), v nadaljevanju KZ–1B. Glede na zastavljene predpostavke in njihove analize lahko sklepamo, da se s sprejetim KZ–1B odpravlja problem implicitne opredelitve oškodovanja javnih financ in dokazovanja odgovornosti za to kaznivo dejanje in razširja obseg kaznivih dejanj pri bistveno nespremenjenih sankcijah.Economic criminal as an activity is almost impossible to describe with a single definition. Reasons for this can be found in the dynamics of the activity and various aspects of individual disciplines (law, sociology, criminology), as well as the personal views of individuals on this activity. The articulation of this definition is also influenced by the period in which economic crime occurs and develops, as well as the economic system. It is different from the other forms of criminal by the approach, methods, procedures of investigation and way of execution, which is typical of this type of criminal. It can be executed in an individual or organized way, always with the same purpose - to unlawfully obtain personal benefit (to enrich). From the above mentioned we can conclude that causes of economic crime in most cases derive from the status of an individual and his needs (personal reasons) on given occasions (criminogenic dispositions). If economic crime is linked to a person, corporate crime is linked to the economic organizations - corporations, which mean that illegal activities are carried out mostly for the benefit of economic organizations and not for the benefit of an individual person or a group of people, which is also one of the features of this form of criminal. Hence the organization is the center of activity. The criminal action is carried out in the first place for the benefit of the organization, and afterwards to the benefit of individuals or groups of people. Law enforcement agencies decide whether particular conduct can be defined as economic criminal (economic, corporate criminal). It is therefore necessary to have a pre-made set of legal rules that determine economic and corporate crimes, penalties for these crimes and the conditions under which an individual person and legal person are responsible for these crimes. The set of legal rules is called economic criminal law, which changes according to detected problems and shortcomings. Recent changes have been made with the amendment B of the Penal Code 1 (Act on changes and additions of the Penal Code, 2011), hereinafter referred to as the Penal Code 1B. According to the given assumptions and their analysis we can conclude that the adopted Penal Code 1B eliminates the problem of implicit definition of harm to the public finances and proving the responsibility for this criminal act and extends the range of criminal acts in substantially unchanged sanctions