Kazniva dejanja zoper gospodarstvo : diplomsko delo visokošolskega strokovnega študija Varnost in policijsko delo

Čeprav pojem gospodarska kriminaliteta nima splošno sprejete in enotne definicije, lahko rečemo, da gre za celoto izvršenih kaznivih dejanj znotraj širše sfere gospodarstva. Ta kazniva dejanja so lahko usmerjena tako zoper gospodarski sistem kot celoto, kot tudi zoper gospodarske subjekte ali tiste subjekte, ki so uporabniki blaga in storitev iz gospodarske dejavnosti. Storilci gospodarske kriminalitete s svojimi dejanji, ki so jih izvršili pri gospodarskem poslovanju, ogrožajo premoženje ali druge dobrine, ki so v lasti različnih gospodarskih subjektov. Kazniva dejanja zoper gospodarstvo so opredeljena v 24. poglavju Kazenskega zakonika-1, njihova opredelitev pa izvira iz splošne opredelitve kaznivih dejanj, razlika je le v poimenovanju, ki konkretizira pravno vrednoto oziroma dobrino, ki je zavarovana z inkriminacijo te vrste. Za gospodarsko kazensko pravo lahko rečemo, da je poseben del kazenskega prava, ki varuje predvsem dobrine iz sfere gospodarstva. Formalno gledano gre torej za pravni odziv na gospodarsko kriminaliteto ali bolje rečeno za pravno panogo, ki znotraj kazenskega prava preprečuje kazniva dejanja s področja gospodarstva. Ko govorimo o pravnih osebah je potrebno vedeti, da pravne osebe ne morejo biti spoznane za krive kaznivega dejanja, saj kot umetne tvorbe ne morejo razviti zavesti oziroma volje, prav tako pa pravne osebe ne morejo biti niti storilke kaznivega dejanja, saj same po sebi niso zmožne izvršitvenega dejanja. Zato v primerih kaznivih dejanj s strani pravnih oseb govorimo le o njihovi odgovornosti. Odgovornost pravnih oseb za kazniva dejanja in kazenske sankcije, ki veljajo za pravne osebe, ki so storilci kaznivih dejanj zoper gospodarstvo je opredeljena z Zakonom o odgovornosti pravnih oseb za kazniva dejanja (ZOPOKD). Z zakonom so določeni vsi pogoji, ki so potrebni, da pravna oseba odgovarja za določeno kaznivo dejanje, hkrati pa so določene tudi kazenske sankcije, ki lahko doletijo pravne osebe. Govorimo lahko o treh skupinah kazenskih sankcij, in sicer o kaznih, opozorilnih sankcijah in varnostnih ukrepih.Although there is no universally accepted and common definition of the notion of economic crime, we can say that this is a whole series of criminal offences committed within the wider sphere of economy. These offences may either be directed against the economic system as a whole, or against the business persons or those persons that are the users of goods and services from an economic activity. Through the actions committed in their economic operation, the perpetrators of economic crime threaten the assets and other goods owned by different business entities. Criminal offences against the economy are defined in Article 24 of the Criminal Code-1. Their definition comes from the general definition of criminal offences, the only difference being the description which concretizes the legal value or goods protected by criminalisation of this kind. It can be said that the economic criminal law is a special part of criminal law which protects, in particular, the goods from the economic sphere. Formally speaking, this is a legal response to economic crime, or better said, a legal branch which prevents criminal offences in economy within the criminal law. When speaking of legal persons, we should be aware that the legal persons cannot be found guilty of a criminal offence, because as artificial formations they cannot develop consciousness or will. In addition, legal persons cannot be perpetrators of a criminal offence as they themselves are not capable of a perpetrating act. Therefore, in the event of criminal offences by legal persons we only speak of their liability. Liability of legal persons for criminal offences and criminal sanctions applicable to legal persons that committed criminal offences against the economy is defined by the Liability of Legal Persons for Criminal Offences Act. The Act lays down all the conditions necessary for the liability of a legal person for a certain criminal offence and sets out criminal sanctions applicable to a legal person. Criminal sanctions can be divided into three groups: sentences, admonitory sanctions and safety measures