Vloga in pomen vohunov med hladno vojno : diplomsko delo visokošolskega strokovnega študija Varstvoslovje

Diplomsko delo govori o hladni vojni, obveščevalni dejavnosti in delu agentov obveščevalnih služb oziroma vohunov. Poskusili bomo tudi razložiti vlogo in pomen vohunov v času hladne vojne, ter našteli nekaj »najuspešnejših« vohunov tistega obdobja. Hladna vojna se je pričela takoj po koncu druge svetovne vojne leta 1945 med dvema bivšima zaveznicama in povojnima velesilama-Združenimi državami Amerike in Sovjetsko zvezo. Med njima je potekal neprestan boj za teritorialno prevlado v svetu, tekma v oboroževanju in posledično tekmovanje v razvoju informacijske tehnologije. Konec hladne vojne pa je vezan na dogodke perestrojke in Gorbačova, ter na razpad Sovjetske zveze. Ko govorimo o obveščevalni dejavnosti, naletimo na veliko razlag, ki se nanašajo na obveščevalne organizacije, dejavnost in celotne obveščevalne sisteme posameznih držav. V večini primerov uvrščajo obveščevalno dejavnost kot dejavnost zbiranja, analize, proučevanja in interpretacije vseh razpoložljivih podatkov. Obveščevalne službe so se razvijale skladno z razvojem družbe, po drugi svetovni vojni pa so se vzpostavili nadnacionalni obveščevalni sistemi. Vohunstvo ima politični pomen (vsaka dejavnost, s katero se skuša priti do tajnih podatkov posameznika, ustanove, države), pravno pa je definirano kot kaznivo dejanje (predstavlja 10-20 % delež obveščevalne dejavnosti), ostali del pa predstavlja pridobivanje podatkov iz ostalih virov, predvsem javnih. Agent oziroma vohun je po definiciji oseba, ki jo vodijo določeni motivi, da neprofesionalno, tajno in organizirano, na zahtevo in za potrebe obveščevalne službe zbira tajne informacije in jih posreduje obveščevalcu. Izmed množice vohunov, ki so delovali v obdobju hladne vojne, lahko izpostavimo naslednje: Heinza Felfeja, Hansa Clemensa, Alfreda Frenzela, Gordona Lonsdala, Georga Blaka, Williama Vassala, Roberta Leeja Johnsona, Gunterja Guillaumeja, Olega Kalugina, Klausa Emila Juliusa Fuchsa, Harryja Golda, Juliusa in Ethel Rosenberg, Igorja Gouzenka, Cambridgeške štiri: Harolda »Kima« Philbyja, Guya Burgessa, Anthonyja Blunta in Donalda Macleana ter najslavnejšega med slovenskimi vohuni, ki je deloval v obdobju med drugo svetovno vojno in v začetku hladne vojne, Vladimirja Vauhnika. Vohuni so bili pomemben vezni člen v tekmi med povojnima velesilama-Združenimi državami Amerike in Sovjetsko zvezo. Iskali, zbirali in posredovali so tajne informacije svojim nadrejenim. Te so se večinoma nanašale na oborožitev, pa tudi na razvoj tehnologije in industrije. Vohuni so imeli pomembno vlogo in pomen za napredek (oborožitve, tehnologije, politike in drugo) države, za katero so vohunili, ter za izdajanje skrivnosti nasprotnikov svoje države.The main aspect of the graduation thesis is the Cold War, Intelligence Services and the work of Intelligence agents or spies. We will also try to explain a role and meaning of spies during the Cold War and describe some of the “most successful” spies of that period. The Cold War started immediately after the end of World War II in the year 1945 between two ex-allies and post-war superpowers-United States of America and the Soviet Union. Among them there was a constant struggle for territorial domination in world, contest in armaments and consequently contest in developing information technology. The end of the Cold War is tied to events of perestroika and Gorbachev and the collapse of the Soviet Union. When talking about Intelligence Services we can find many explanations, which relate on Intelligence organizations, activity and entire Intelligence systems of individual countries. In most cases Intelligence activity is considered as activity of collecting, analysis, aggregation and interpretation of the available data. Intelligence Services were developed in accordance with the development of society and after World War II transnational Intelligence systems were established. Espionage has political meaning (any activity which is trying to get to the classified information about individual, institution, country), lawfully is defined as criminal offense (it represents 10-20 % Intelligence activity), the other part represents receiving information from other sources, particularly public. By definition an agent or spy is a person led by certain motives, to unprofessional, secretly and organized, on request and for needs of the Intelligence, collects classified information and provides them to informant. In the mass of spies who were operating during the Cold War we can highlight the following: Heinz Felfe, Hans Clemens, Alfred Frenzel, Gordon Lonsdale, George Blake, William Vassal, Robert Lee Johnson, Gunter Guillaume, Marcus Wolf, Oleg Kalugin, Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs, Harry Gold, Julius in Ethel Rosenberg, Igor Gouzenko, Cambridge four: Harold “Kim” Philby, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt and Donald Maclean and most famous of Slovenian spies, who worked during World War II and in the beginning of the Cold War, Vladimir Vauhnik. Spies were important link in contest between two post-war superpowers-United States of America and the Soviet Union. They searched, collected and provided classified informations to their superior. Informations were mostly related on armament, but also on technological and industrial progress. Spies had important role and meaning for progress (armament, technology, industry and similar) of country they were spying for and for providing secrets from opponents of their country