THE PILLARS OF JAPANESE SOCIETY IN THE KAMAKURA PERIOD (1185-1333)

Z vzpostavitvijo šogunata v Kamakuri se je na Japonskem začel srednji vek, ki je s seboj prinesel mnoge spremembe, tako na političnem in pravnem kot tudi družbenem, kulturnem ter verskem področju. Te spremembe so počasi, a vztrajno preoblikovale japonsko miselnost in se še danes odražajo skozi določene kulturne posebnosti. V prvem delu diplomske naloge sem se osredotočila na zgodovinski razvoj, ki je privedel do omenjenih sprememb. V drugem pa sem se posvetila upravo-pravnim posebnostim vojaške vlade v Kamakuri s poudarkom na upravni delitvi na uradnike džito in šugo ter opisom njihovih dolžnosti in pravic. Kot glavni vir pri opisovanju le-teh so mi služili prevodi originalnih listin iz kamakurskega obdobja. V zadnjem delu naloge sem se osredotočila na glavne nosilce sprememb v obravnavanem obdobju – samuraje ter njihovo vojaško in kulturno življenje. Tukaj sem se dotaknila osnovnih vrednot samurajev, kot jih razlaga njihov častni kodeks bušido, ter njihovega življenja na bojišču in izven njega. Ker je veliko vlogo v življenju samuraja igral tudi zen budizem, sem na kratko predstavila tudi vpliv, ki ga je imelo to versko gibanje na razvoj umetnosti in kulture.With the foundation of the shogunate in Kamakura, the Middle Ages started in Japan, which introduced many changes into the political, legal, social, cultural and religious spheres of life. Those changes were slowly but persistently transforming the Japanese way of thinking, which can, through certain cultural specifics, be felt and seen even today. The first part of this paper focuses on the historical developments, which led to the changes mentioned above. The second part deals with the administrational and legal features of the military government in Kamakura, focusing on the division of the Shogunate\u27s administration into jito and shugo officials, and their duties and rights. For the purposes of describing them, translations of the original documents from the Kamakura era were used as a source. The final part of this paper focuses on the main agents of the changes in the Kamakura era - the samurai, and their military and cultural life. This chapter touches upon the basic values of the samurai, as explained in their honour codex, the bushido, and their lives on the battle field and off it. As Zen Buddhism played a major role in the life of a samurai, its impact on the development of art and culture is also briefly explained