ISLAMIC TERRORISM IN ITALY

V osemdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja je Italija postala privlačna država za mnoge, ki so si želeli ustvariti boljše življenje. Od takrat dalje se število priseljencev in beguncev v Italiji nenehno povečuje. Muslimani v Italiji tvorijo heterogeno skupnost in so naseljeni po celotni državi, največ pa jih je prisotnih na severu države. Italija je ena izmed evropskih držav, kjer so islamski fundamentalisti prisotni v velikem številu. Njihove mreže so razprostrte po celotnem ozemlju, povezave pa imajo tudi s celicami v drugih državah. Čeprav celice v Italiji ne delujejo pod eno samo krovno organizacijo, so med seboj dobro povezane. Če so teroristične skupine v preteklosti izrabljale italijansko ozemlje za zagotavljanje sredstev, orožja, novačenje in radikalizacijo, jim danes ne predstavlja samo območje za zagotavljanje logistične podpore ampak je Italija tudi tarča delovanja teroristov. Teroristične celice se financirajo s pomočjo različnih nezakonitih dejavnosti in z uporabo neformalnih sistemov za prenos denarja. Pri procesu radikalizacije igrajo pomembno vlogo mošeje, ki so lahko vstopna točka za posameznike, ki se odločijo, za sodelovanje v mednarodnem džihadu. V Italiji je mnogo mošej in drugih verskih prostorov, ki jih lahko smatramo za radikalne. Za radikalizacijo posameznikov so pomembne tudi šole o Koranu in zapori, saj so pogosto izrabljeni za indoktrinacijo in širjenje propagande. Teroristične skupine postajajo vse bolj spretne pri uporabi informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije. Virtualna skupnost lahko mnogo pripomore pri odločitvi posameznikov za džihad, dostop do številnih informacij pa omogoča posameznikovo avtonomno usposabljanje. Čeprav za Italijo soočanje s terorizmom ni novost, ji islamski terorizem predstavlja novo grožnjo. Leta 2005 je napad na London Italijo prebudil, da je začela z aktivnostmi v boju proti terorizmu tudi na domačih tleh, čeprav je bila na mednarodni ravni in v okviru Natovih misij aktivna in pomembna članica že pred tem. Leta 2005 je Italija sprejela novo zakonodajo in se danes uspešno zoperstavlja terorizmu na nacionalni in mednarodni ravni. Ogroženost Italije pred terorističnimi napadi s strani islamskih skrajnežev ostaja na visoki ravni, posebno po napadu v Milanu leta 2009, ko je bila Italija prvič žrtev islamskega terorizma.In the eighties Italy has became an attractive country for many people who wanted to establish a better life. Since then a number of immigrants and refugees have increased. Muslims in Italy constitute a heterogeneous community and they are settled all over the state, most of them on north. Italy is one of the European countries, where most Islamic fundamentalists are present. Their networks operate within the whole Italian territory and have connections with cells located outside Italy. Although cells in Italy do not operate under one single umbrella organization are still well connected. In the past terrorist groups exploited an Italian territory for provision of funds, weapons, recruitment and radicalization. Nowadays Italy is a prominent target for international terrorist groups and also an area to provide support for their logistic. Terrorist cells are funded with different kind of illegal activities and use informal systems for transferring money. Mosques play an important role in the process of radicalization, which can be the gateway for individuals who choose to be a part of the international Jihad. There are a lot of mosques and other religious places which can be considered radical in Italy. For radicalization of individuals are also important Koran schools and prisons because they are often exploited for indoctrination and for spreading of propaganda. Terrorist organizations are becoming more adept at using information-communication technology. A virtual community can help many individuals to decide for international Jihad. In addition, access to information give opportunities for an individual training. Although dealing with terrorism is not new for Italians, Islamic terrorism represents a new treat. In 2005, London attack woke up Italy who started with activities to fight terrorism also on home ground, although Italy was already on the international level and in the frame of NATO missions an important member. In 2005 the new legislation has been adopted. Italy is nowadays successful in fighting terrorism on national and international level. Islamic fundamentalists treat remains on a high level especially after the Milan attack in 2009 when Italy was the victim of Islamic terrorism for the first time