FLEXIBLE FORMS OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA

Zaradi sprememb na globalnem trgu dela in problema brezposelnosti se v Evropi kot odgovor na nastale razmere razvijajo in vedno bolj uveljavljajo nove oblike zaposlovanja. Skupaj z drugimi vidiki in instrumenti fleksibilnosti, ki bodo potrebni za reševanje bodočih izzivov in tveganj, so fleksibilne oblike zaposlovanja pomemben instrument, ki ga bo potrebno kontinuirano prilagajati. Z izrazom fleksibilno zaposlovanje se označuje številne raznovrstne delovno pravne položaje, katerih skupna značilnost je, da delavec opravlja delo za drugega zunaj tipičnega delovnega razmerja za nedoločen čas, s polnim in enakomerno razporejenim delovnim časom ter na delovnem mestu pri delodajalcu. Medtem ko imajo delavci s standardno pogodbo o zaposlitvi dostop do vseh sistemov socialne varnosti in so v dobrem pravnem položaju glede vrste in obsega pravic, se postavlja vprašanje položaja t.i. fleksibilnih delavcev. Ideja, ki se vse pogosteje pojavlja je povezava med fleksibilnostjo zaposlitve na eni strani in varnostjo delavcev na drugi strani. Ravnovesje, ki ga bo potrebno vzpostaviti, pomeni pravo razmerje med fleksibilnostjo zaposlitve, ki naj bi jo omogočali instituti delovnega prava, in varnostjo zaposlitve v povezavi z instituti sistema socialne varnosti. Oblike fleksibilnega zaposlovanja, ki predstavljajo atipične oblike zaposlitve v okviru delovnega razmerja v Republiki Sloveniji so: zaposlitev za določen čas, začasno delo prek agencij za zagotavljanje dela, zaposlitev s krajšim delovnim časom in delo na domu. V ta okvir so vključene tudi posamezne specifične oblike, kot je delna upokojitev, dopolnilno delo in delitev delovnega mesta v okviru zaposlovanja s krajšim delovnim časom ter delo na daljavo kot posebna oblika dela na domu. Kljub zakonskim možnostim se v literaturi pogosto navaja, da je v Sloveniji fleksibilnost zaposlovanja omejena. Kot kažejo statistični podatki, pa postaja trg dela v Sloveniji vse prožnejši, saj so vse fleksibilne oblike zaposlovanja v porastu. Teorija in različne raziskave izkazujejo, da največje breme obravnavanih oblik zaposlitve nosijo ženske, mladi, starejši delavci in druge ranljivejše oziroma zapostavljene skupine delavcev. Podatki kažejo, da so na trgu dela te skupine pogosteje zaposlene za določen oziroma krajši delovni čas, spremljajo pa jih tudi manjše plačilo, manjše ugodnosti in možnosti za napredovanje ter manjša socialna varnost. Pri ukrepih za spodbujanje fleksibilnega zaposlovanja je zato potrebno posebne napore vložiti v to, da bodo ti ukrepi čim bolj nevtralni. Vpogled v ureditev obravnavane tematike v Zvezni republiki Nemčiji izkazuje stanje, podobno slovenskim razmeram na trgu dela. Tudi v Nemčiji poznajo omenjene oblike fleksibilnega zaposlovanja, katerih delež v zadnjem času kontinuirano narašča. Njihova pravna ureditev se lahko v več segmentih primerja s slovensko, kljub podobnosti pa obstajajo določene specifičnosti, ki v slovenskem pravnem redu niso zajete.As an answer to the changes on the global labour market and the problem of unemployment, new forms of employment are evolving and are getting more and more admitted in Europe. Together with other aspects and instruments of flexibility, which will be necessary for solving future challenges and risks, the flexible forms of employment are an important instrument, which will have to be continuously adapted. With the term flexible employment, numeral diverse legal working positions are described which have in common, that the employee carries out a service for someone else, with whom they are not in an employment relationship by a full-time contract for an indefinite period and does not work in the workplace of the employer. While workers under the standard contract of employment have access to all social security systems and are in a good legal position concerning the nature and scope of rights, the question of the position of the so called flexible workers arises. The idea that occurs ever more often is a connection between flexible employment on the one side and the safety of workers on the other. The balance, which will have to be set up means the right relation between the flexibility of the employment, which should be made available by institutes for labour law and the safety of the employment in connection with the social security institutes. Forms of flexible employment, which represent atypical forms of employment within the employment relationship in the Republic of Slovenia, are: fixed-term employment, temporary agency work, part time employment and home-work. This framework also includes individual specific forms like partial retirement, supplementary work and job sharing within the framework of part-time employment and telework as a special form of home-work. Despite the legal options it is often stated in literature that the flexibility of work in Slovenia is limited. As statistics show, the labour market in Slovenia is getting ever more flexible, because all flexible forms of employment are on the rise. The theory and various researches show that the biggest burden of the discussed forms of employment is carried by woman, youth, older workers and other vulnerable and disadvantaged groups of workers. Data shows that on the labour market these groups are more likely to be employed part-time, accompanied by a smaller salary, less benefits and less opportunities for advancement and less social security. That is why it is important to put effort into making the measures for encouraging flexible employment as neutral as possible. Insight into the organisation of the discussed topic in the Federal Republic of Germany shows a state similar to the Slovenian labour market. The mentioned forms of flexible employment are also known in Germany, the number of which is lately continuously increasing. Their legal regulations are comparable with the Slovene in several segments, but despite the similarities there are certain specifics, which are not covered in the Slovene legal regulation