THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND TECHNOECONOMIC PARAMETERS FOR EFFECTIVE BILOGICAL WASTE TREATMENT

V diplomskem delu smo proučili okoljske vidike ravnanja z biološkimi odpadki in tehno-ekonomsko ustreznost posameznih načinov ravnanja z biološkimi odpadki, med katerimi smo se podrobneje posvetili kompostiranju. Tako smo seznanili bralca s problemi onesnaževanja okolja, mu podali možne rešitve za zmanjšanje nastajanja odpadkov in predstavili, kako na družbi in okolju sprejemljiv ekonomičen način odstraniti nastale biološke odpadke. Pri tem smo predstavili načine ravnanja z odpadki, kot so odlaganje, sežiganje, recikliranje, aerobno in anaerobno kompostiranje odpadkov ter Zero Waste Management. Spoznali smo, da ekonomska optimizacija načinov ravnanja z odpadki žal ne pomeni tudi minimizacije negativnih vplivov na okolje. Stroški pri ravnanju z odpadki so najnižji v primeru, da odpadke odložimo na deponijah, najvišji pa v primeru kompostiranja s pridobivanjem bioplina. Ekonomsko optimalen način ravnanja z odpadki torej ni enak okoljsko optimalnemu načinu ravnanja z odpadki. Okoljsko optimalen način ravnanja z odpadki je kompostiranje odpadkov s pridobivanjem bioplina, za katerega pa so potrebni visoki stroški obdelave. Odlaganje odpadkov je ekonomsko optimalen način ravnanja z odpadki, vendar pa ni okoljsko optimalen. Z okoljskega vidika so primernejši načini ravnanja z odpadki, pri katerih ni potrebno odlagati ali uničevati odpadkov, sicer pa je s stroškovnega vidika ceneje odlaganje odpadkov kot pa katerikoli drugi način ravnanja z odpadki. Ugotovili smo, da Slovenija ne more postati družba brez odpadkov, kajti odpadka se ne more venomer obdelovati in nadalje uporabljati kot material. Čeprav se s takšnim načinom prihrani poraba surovih naravnih virov, zmanjša emisije na okolje in zmanjša količino odloženih odpadkov. Pri ravnanju z odpadki pa moramo tudi upoštevati, da se s časom sestava odpadkov spreminja glede na stopnjo razvitosti družbe, ekonomskih možnosti, geografske sredine in pogojev, stopnje splošnega standarda prebivalstva, lokalnih razmer, življenjskih navad in razvad ter še bi lahko naštevali. Na podlagi zgoraj naštetih demografskih dejavnikov lahko ugotovimo, da določen ekonomsko ali okoljsko optimalen način ravnanja z odpadki v drugih državah ni nujno enak ekonomsko ali okoljsko optimalnemu načinu ravnanja z odpadki v Sloveniji.In diploma we study the environmental aspects of bio-waste management and techno-economic suitability of particular methods of biological waste treatment, among which we focused further composting. We introduce the reader to the problems of environmental pollution, give him possible solutions to reduce waste and presents socially, economically and environmentally acceptable way to remove biological waste. We presented ways of dealing with waste such as disposal, incineration, recycling, aerobic and anaerobic composting of waste and Zero Waste Management. We have seen that the economic optimization of waste treatment, unfortunately does not imply minimization of negative environmental impacts. The lowest costs of waste management are in the case of disposal, the highest in the case of composting with biogas. Economically optimal way, in which waste is therefore, it is not the same as the optimal method of environmental waste. Environmentally optimal way is composting with biogas, which are required high cost of treatment. Disposal of waste is economically optimal way of waste treatment, but it is not environmentally optimal. From an environmental point of view is an appropriate waste treatment, in which waste are not disposed or incinerated, but waste disposal has lower costs than any other form of waste treatment. We found that Slovenia can not become a company with no waste, because waste can not be always processed and further used as a material. Although with such a crude method we can save consumption from natural resources, reduce environmental emissions and reduce the amount of landfill waste. We must also recognize that the composition of the waste is changing during the time and dependes on development of society, economic opportunities, the geographic environment and conditions, the level of general standard of the population, local conditions, living habits and bad habits, etc. On the basis of demographic factors listed above, we conclude that more economically or environmentally optimal way of waste treatment in other countries is not necessarily the same economic or environmental optimum way of waste treatment in Slovenia