LEGAL ASPECTS OF DOPING IN SPORTS

Doping že vse od njegovega obstoja preučujejo z različnih vidikov, predvsem medicinskega, sociološkega, etično-moralnega, v zadnjih 50. letih pa intenzivneje tudi s pravnega vidika. Je zelo specifičen pojav v športu, ki si nedvomno zasluži učinkovito in podrobno pravno ureditev. Prvi, ki so začeli sprejemati akte na področju dopinga, so bili Mednarodni olimpijski komite (MOK) in mednarodne športne zveze. Kaj hitro se je ugotovilo, da bo boj učinkovitejši, če se mu priključijo tudi države. Začele so nastajati prve resolucije in kot posledica le-teh konvencije. Pridružitev držav v boju proti dopingu pa pomeni tudi obstoj (ne)utemeljene težnje kriminalizirati dejanja dopinga. Tako je doping od leta 2008, ko je stopil v veljavo reformirani kazenski zakonik, tudi kaznivo dejanje zoper človekovo zdravje. Kot vidimo, se danes na področju dopinga in športa kot celote prepletata avtonomno urejanje športnih organizacij ter državno urejanje. Vez med temi pa je leta 1999 ustanovljena Svetovna protidopinška agencija WADA, ki je krovna organizacija v boju proti dopingu ter v zadnjem desetletju skrbi za bolj ali manj enotno delovanje vseh protidopinških organizacij. Tako je WADA s sprejemom Svetovnega protidopinškega kodeksa (WADC) začrtala smernice sodobnega boja proti dopingu. S kodeksom je uvedla zanesljivost kot stopnjo prepričanja, da je bilo dejanje dopinga storjeno, odgovornost športnika pa je v tem primeru objektivna, kar je določen odstop od načela »ni kazni brez krivde«. Kodeks upošteva tudi subjektivno odgovornost, vendar le pri odmeri kazni. Da je doping pereč problem pričajo tudi številni primeri, s katerimi se ukvarja Mednarodno športno razsodišče (CAS), ki kot samostojen in neodvisen organ nudi učinkovit, strokoven, hiter in posebnostim športne panoge prilagojen postopek. Nenazadnje pa je treba izpostaviti tudi dejstvo, da so posledice dopinga vedno bolj vidne tudi na področju človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin, saj že sam način izvajanja kontrole na tekmovanjih kot tudi izven tekmovanj (preveč) posega v telesno integriteto športnika.Since its existence, doping has been explored from several different aspects, especially medical, sociological, ethnical, moral and in the last 50 years also more intensely from a legal point of view. It is a very specific phenomenon in sport, which absolutely deserves an efficient and detailed legal regime. The first institutions to accept legal acts in the field of doping were International Olympic Committee (IOC) and International Sports Federations. It came to knowledge very soon that the fight against doping would be much more efficient if it was joined by the countries. The first results of that activity were new resolutions and conventions governing doping. The second result, which has been showing in the last couple of years, is the existence of (un)justified tendency to criminalize acts of doping. In 2008, when new Penal Code in Slovenia came into force, doping was declared as crime against human health. As we can see, in the field of doping and sports in general, autonomous regulation of sports organizations are interwoven with state regulation. The connection between these two types of regulations is The World Anti-doping agency (WADA), founded in 1999 which promotes, coordinates and monitors the fight against doping in sport in all its forms. By adopting the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC), WADA has outlined the guidelines of the modern fight against doping. The Code has introduced new standard of proof, the so called comfortable satisfaction. If the standard is achieved, the liability of athlete is strict which is certain derogation of principle »nullum crimen sine culpa«. The personal liability can also take account but only in the matter of assessing penalties. The proof that doping is a pressing problem are numerous cases dealt by the International Court of Arbitration for Sports (CAS), which is autonomous and independent body that provides an efficient, professional, fast and to specific sports action tailored procedure. Last but not least it is necessary to highlight the fact that the effects of doping are increasingly visible in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms because means of carrying out doping controls (in and out of competitions), effect the physical integrity of the athlete