DOCUMENTARY CREDIT AS A COLLATERAL INSTRUMENT AGAINST RISKS IN INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS

Namen diplomske naloge je izpostaviti tveganja, ki se pojavljajo v mednarodnem poslovanju in predstaviti dokumentarni akreditiv, kot plačilni inštrument in inštrument zavarovanja, ter v primeru predstaviti standby akreditiv. Slovenija je majhna svetovna ekonomija, zato si mora prizadevati, da bi še povečala svoj izvoz. Izvoz je namreč eden glavnih generatorjev gospodarske rasti in dvigovanja konkurenčnosti države. Vsako sodelovanje na tujem trgu pa pomeni tudi tveganje, saj pomeni poslovanje v poslovno manj znanem okolju. Za podjetja je zato pomembno, da se zavedajo kakšnim tveganjem so izpostavljena in kako jih obvladovati. Dokumentarni akreditiv je varen plačilni inštrument, zato je tudi najbolj pogosto uporabljenih elementov financiranja. Uporabo dokumentarnega akreditiva ureja sklop pravil (Enotna pravila in običaji za dokumentarne akreditive), ki jih je izdala Mednarodna trgovinska zbornica. Osnova pri poslovanju z dokumentarnim akreditivom so dokumenti. Za nemoten potek dokumentarnega akreditiva je potrebno, da so dokumenti pravilni in popolni. Banka se kot udeleženec v akreditivnem poslu lahko pojavi v različnih vlogah. Glavna naloga banke, ki je odprla akreditiv je, da prevzame obveznost, da bo plačala akreditivni znesek upravičencu. Po nalogu akreditivne banke ta znesek lahko izplača tudi izplačilna banka, banka pa se pojavlja tudi kot obvestilna banka (korespondent).The aim of this thesis is to highlight the risks that arise in international operations, to introduce documentary credit as a payment and collateral instrument and to present a standby letter of credit as a practical example. Slovenia represents only a small piece of the world economy and must therefore strive to increase its exports. Exports are one of the main drivers of economic growth and improving a country\u27s competitiveness. However, any participation on a foreign market also brings greater risk, as it means operating in a less familiar economic environment. It is therefore important for companies to be aware of the risks to which they are exposed and to know how to manage them. Documentary credit is a fairly safe payment instrument, and thus one of the most frequently used. The use of documentary credit is governed by the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP), issued by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). Correct and complete documents represent the basis for smooth operations with documentary credit. In a documentary credit transaction, a bank may serve in various roles. The main task of the issuing bank is to assume responsibility for paying the credit to the rightful claimant. By order of the issuing bank, this amount can also be paid out by the disbursing bank. A bank may also serve as an advising bank (correspondent)