Anti-coagulatory and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin in Diabetic Rats

[[abstract]]"Astaxanthin at 0.01 or 0.05% of the diet was supplied to diabetic rats for 12 wks. 3 Astaxanthin intake significantly increased its deposit in plasma, and retained glutathione 4 content, reduced the production of reactive oxygen species, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis 5 factor-, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in blood and kidney of diabetic rats 6 (P<0.05). Astaxanthin treatments also significantly decreased plasma levels of C-reactive 7 protein and von Willebrand factor in diabetic rats (P<0.05). Astaxanthin intake at 0.05% 8 significantly diminished plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and factor VII activities, enhanced 9 antithrombin-III and protein C activities in circulation (P