Unsatisfiable Linear CNF Formulas Are Large and Complex

We call a CNF formula {em linear} if any two clauses have at most one variable in common. We show that there exist unsatisfiable linear $k$-CNF formulas with at most $4k^24^k$ clauses, and on the other hand, any linear $k$-CNF formula with at most $frac{4^k}{8e^2k^2}$ clauses is satisfiable. The upper bound uses probabilistic means, and we have no explicit construction coming even close to it. One reason for this is that unsatisfiable linear formulas exhibit a more complex structure than general (non-linear) formulas: First, any treelike resolution refutation of any unsatisfiable linear $k$-CNF formula has size at least $2^{2^{frac{k}{2}-1}}$. This implies that small unsatisfiable linear $k$-CNF formulas are hard instances for Davis-Putnam style splitting algorithms. Second, if we require that the formula $F$ have a {em strict} resolution tree, i.e. every clause of $F$ is used only once in the resolution tree, then we need at least $a^{a^{iddots^a}}$ clauses, where $a approx 2$ and the height of this tower is roughly $k$