Transformation Of Traditional Urban Texture Of Beylerbeyi In 20th Century

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2014Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2014Tez çalışması kapsamında, İstanbul İli, Üsküdar İlçesi’ne bağlı olan Beylerbeyi’nin kentsel dokusunda yaşanan değişim incelenmiştir. Beylerbeyi semti, coğrafi konumu ve kendine özgü mimari dokusu ile Boğaziçi’nin önemli yerleşimlerinden biridir. Tarihi Bizans Dönemi’ne dayanan Beylerbeyi, Osmanlı Dönemi’nde gelişimini sürdürmüş ve Cumhuriyet ile birlikte günümüzdeki halini almıştır. Anıtsal yapıları, sivil mimarlık örnekleri ve kentsel dokusu ile yerleşim özgün bir fiziksel çevreye kavuşmuştur. Tezin ilk bölümünde çalışmanın amacı, kapsamı ve yöntemi belirlenmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise Beylerbeyi’nin Üsküdar İlçesi’ndeki yeri tanıtılmış, coğrafi konum, topografya, iklim ve bitki örtüsü özellikleri ile semtin tarihçesine değinilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde Beylerbeyi’nde fiziksel çevre analizi yapılarak, doğal ve yapılaşmış çevre incelenmiştir. Yapılaşmış çevrede yerleşimin özgün kentsel dokusu, sokaklar, meydanlar, vistalar ve avlu, bahçe gibi çevresel değerleri ile birlikte incelenmiştir. Beylerbeyi’ne karakterini veren anıtsal yapılar ve geleneksel mimari tanıtılmıştır. Geleneksel sivil mimari örnekleri plan ve cephe özellikleri, yapım teknikleri ve dekoratif özellikleri ile birlikte incelenmiştir. Çalışma alanında yapılan işlevsel dağılım, kat yüksekliği, yapı malzemesi, strüktürel durum, korunmuşluk durumu gibi analizlerle yerleşim bütüncül olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Beylerbeyi yerleşim alanı içindeki ulaşım sistemi irdelenmiş, mevcut durumun tespiti yapılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde Boğaziçi ve Beylerbeyi ile ilgili resmi kurumlarca alınmış koruma kararları incelenerek, bu kararların Beylerbeyi’ne etkisi araştırılmıştır. Beylerbeyi çalışma alanı içerisinde yer alan tek yapılara ilişkin alınan tescil ve koruma kararları Koruma Kurulu dosyaları incelenerek tespit edilmiş, elde edilen belgeler doğrultusunda eski ve mevcut durumlarının karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde Kenstel Sit Alanı içerisinde yer alan tarihi ve doğal çevrenin korunmasına ilişkin çalışmalar kentsel doku ve tek yapı ölçeğinde değerlendirilmiş, tarihsel ve doğal çevredeki değişim ile tehditler mevcut ve yitirilmiş değerler ele alınarak tespit edilmeye çalışılmış, yapılarda meydana gelen değişimler belirlenmiş, imar planının hazırlanması sürecinde gelişen olumsuzluklar elde edilen harita ve belgeler doğrultusunda saptanmıştır. Altıncı bölümde yapılan değerlendirme doğrultusunda koruma yaklaşımı belirlenerek, kentsel ölçekte koruma önerileri geliştirilmiş olup, tek yapı ölçeğinde koruma yöntemleri belirlenmeye çalışılarak yasal sürece ilişkin öneriler getirilmiştir. Yedinci ve son bölümde yapılan analiz, tespit ve çalışmaları yeniden gözden geçirilerek, elde edilen tüm veriler doğrultusunda ortaya çıkan sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir.İn this research, transformation of traditional urban texture of Beylerbeyi is examined. Beylerbeyi is located on the shoreline of Bosphorus, between Kuzguncuk and Çengelköy. The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the methods to protect the traditional physical environment and requirements of Beylerbeyi. Another aim is to assess the changes that modifies traditional character and unique structure of Beylerbeyi settlement up to the present. The thesis includes the changes of the settlement in the historical evolution and to determine the loss of natural and cultural values. The maps prepared from the beginning of 20th century for the purpose of documentation of Istanbul and Beylerbeyi are examined in the thesis. All documents (pictures, photos, maps) related to Beylerbeyi are compiled for the study. The old photographs and pictures of the traditional buildings in Beylerbeyi are collected from the Istanbul’s VIth Cultural and Natural Heritage Preservation Regional Directorate for the purpose of the thesis. The changes in the character of the settlement have been identified by the statistical analysis and visual evaluation of the physical environment. The past and present conservation desicions and the plans that effects Beylerbeyi are examined to understand the deficiencies in the conservation process. In this thesis, in order to protect the urban texture as a holistic, suggestions have been developed on an urban scale and preserving methods are determined for single structure scale. In order to maintain the characteristics of the traditional texture, construction conditions and conservation approaches have been created for Beylerbeyi. Within the search for historic sources, the archives of Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Architecture Library, Istanbul Technical University Mustafa Inan Library, Yıldız Technical University Sakıp Sabancı Library, Mimar Sinan University Library, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Atatürk Library, Istanbul’s VIth Cultural and Natural Heritage Preservation Regional Directorate, Istanbul Directorate of Foundations, Bosphorus Development Directorate, Üsküdar Municipality Development and City Planning Directorate and Chamber of Architects’ Istanbul Metropolitan Branch were researched. The written and visual sources related to Beylerbeyi and the monumental buildings located in Beylerbeyi and it’s vicinity were found in the above-mentioned archives. Beylerbeyi is one of the most important residential areas in Bosphorus with it’s geographical location and unique architectural structure. Settlements in Beylerbeyi goes to the Byzantine Period. Beylerbeyi continued growing in the Ottoman period and has taken its current form with the Republic of Turkey. The settlement has reached a unique physical environment, based on it’s monumental structures, examples of civil architecture and traditional urban texture. The study consists of seven chapters. The introduction contains the purpose and the scope of the thesis and the methodology used in the various stages of the research. In the second part of the study, the name, the location and the historical development of Beylerbeyi district were analyzed. Beylerbeyi’s geography, topography, climate and flora is also examined in the second part. The changes in the coastline was determined by comparing the present situation with the old maps and drawings. In the third part physical environment analysis of Beylerbeyi is formed, natural and man-made environment is examined. In the man-made environment, authentic settlement structure and the elements of this structure such as streets, squares and vistas are studied. The commercial and social aspects of living along the coast of Beylerbeyi were analyzed and the changes in the Beylerbeyi coastline were discussed. Monuments and traditional architecture as the main characteristics of Beylerbeyi is introduced. Civil architecture examples are examined according to their plan and facade chracteristics, construction techniques, garden and courtyard features. Study area is evaluated via land use, number of floor, material, structural and preservational condition analyses. With these analyses, changes and threats are determined. In the residential area pedestrian and vehicle transportation is studied and currentsituation is defined. In the fourth part the conservation desicions and the planning process of Bosphorus and Beylerbeyi are explained. Transition period construction conditions and general sentences arespecified on the appendix. Also conservation decisions for the buildings are specified and before-after comparisons are made according to the documents achieved in Kurul folders. In the fifth part studies for the conservation of the historic and natural site is evaluated by building and area scope. The transformation of the cultural and natural site is determined by evaluating the lost and existing values of Beylerbeyi. Modifications made at the building scope are specified and negative progress during the plan preparation process is examined according to the old plans and documents found. In the sixth part conservation approach is determined according to the evaluation of positive and negative progress. For the conservation of historic and natural environment proposals are made by area and building scope together with the legal process suggestions. In the conclusion; a short summary of the surveys, researches and studies are given. In accordance with all the researches and analytical documentation, the collected data was evaluated and the proposed interventions to integrate the traditional enviroment with its neighbourhood were discussed. The meaning and importance of Beylerbeyi for Istanbul was stated and the necessity of preserving the group of the structures of Beylerbeyi as a whole was emphasized. As in all over the world, Turkey should aim to put in force universal conservation methods. Local authorities and civil society organizations are responsible to preserve historical, cultural and natural heritage. Support of local people whose aware of the nature of his environment is also important as control and supervision of authorized people. Protecting and preserving the heritage is only possible with the help of the people living in it.Yüksek LisansM.Sc