Reversible long-term integration with variable step sizes

The numerical integration of reversible dynamical systems is considered. A backward analysis for variable step size one-step methods is developed and it is shown that the numerical solution of a symmetric one-step method, implemented with a reversible step size strategy, is formally equal to the exact solution of a perturbed differential equation, which again is reversible. This explains geometrical properties of the numerical flow, such as the nearby preservation of invariants. In a second part, the efficiency of symmetric implicit Runge-Kutta methods (linear error growth when applied to integrable systems) is compared with explicit non-symmetric integrators (quadratic error growth)